Analytical Response: Romeo and Juliet Essay

Act 3, Scene 1 contributes to making Romeo and Juliet a true tragedy as this scene is the unfolding of a series of ill-fated events (3.1.84-87) ‘This days black fate on more days doth depend. This but begins the woe others must end’. Violence and blood is demanded early in the scene, as Tybalt is after Romeo in order to challenge him to a duel. Newly wed Romeo ignores Tybalt’s insults and respectfully declines his offer, as he knows he must respect and love the Capulet’s. Irritated by Romeo’s calm submission, Mercutio steps up to the challenge to defend the Montague name. Outraged by Mercutio’s death Romeo lets rage control his actions as he seeks vengeance upon his friend’s death, forgetting his intentions to settle the family feud. The dramatic irony of this scene, will possibly affect the audience, as they know this will cause uproar within the family feud. The events in this scene impact greatly on Romeo and Juliet, as this is the b reaking point of the play. This scene also creates a domino effect on the events later on in the play. Characters The characteristics of Mercutio have a significant influence on the events that occurred during Act 3 scene 1. It is evident throughout the scene that Benvolio is the peacekeeper as he see’s a way around the brawling, (3.1.1-3) ‘ I pray thee, good Mercutio, lets retire. The day is hot; the Capulet’s abroad; and if we meet we shall not ‘scape a brawl.’ However, Mercutio ignores Benvolio’s attempts to bypass the Montague Capulet conflict, as he is quick to temper and always ready for a fight. His use of irony to provoke Tybalt (3.1.28-33) provides further evidence on his combativeness ‘But I’ll be hanged, sir, if he wear your livery. Marry; go before to the field, he’ll be your follower. Your worship in that sense may call him man. ‘ Mercutio’s argumentative attitude leads him into a brutal affair; he is left wounded blaming Romeo for his injury. It is unquestionable that Mercutio’s pugnacious, aggressive b ehavior led to the violence of this scene that has guaranteed an unfortunate fate for Romeo and Juliet. Themes and Perspectives Act 3 scene 1 provides perspective on the resentment between the two families, Montague and Capulet. The family feud holds a great deal of power throughout Romeo and Juliet, as it is the reason for many of the unpleasant events that occur throughout the play such as; Mercutio’s death, Romeo and Juliet’s secret marriage, Romeo’s exile and of course the feud itself which also provokes the tragic ending of the play. Evidence of the theme is seen throughout Act 3 scene 1 particularly towards the end when Benvolio is left to explain the tragedy to the Prince. Lady Capulet believes Benvolio is lying, as he is a Montague therefore Romeo must die for Tybalt’s death. (3.1.38-42) ‘He is a kinsman to the Montague. Affection makes him false. He speaks not true. Some twenty of them fought in this black strife, And all those twenty could but kill one life. I beg for justice, which thou Prince, must give. Romeo slew Tybalt. Romeo must not live.’ Throughout R omeo and Juliet there is persistent evidence that the resent between Montague and Capulet conduct the tragic events and heartbreaking end to the narrative. Audience response; attitudes, values and beliefs The audience is at an advantage as they are able to see both sides of the family feud, providing them with a true understanding of the tragedy. During this scene they observe the brutal affair between Mercutio vs. Tybalt and Romeo vs. Tybalt and finally Lady Capulet vs. Benvolio. There are various reactions the audience may have experience throughout this scene. Those in the Elizabethan times perhaps felt a sense of gratification towards Mercutio for standing up to Tybalt in order to defend Romeo and the Montague name. However the contemporary audience may declare Mercutio as arrogant or foolish. The audience can recognize that both Benvolio and Romeo gave warnings to Mercutio and Tybalt. They stated the brawl was not required neither did they desire one on numerous occasions however, both Mercutio and Tybalt would not take no for an answer. Either way the audience is able to experience the full effect of the events, which help mould this star crossed love story into a true tragedy.

Life of a prisoner in 1800’s Essay

The life of a prisoner was very different from that of today’s prisons. The prisoners were treated as animals and considered less of a human because of their lawlessness. They were made to right the wrongs that they have committed either through â€Å"physical pain applied in degrading, often ferociously cruel ways, and endured mutilation, or was branded, tortured, put to death; he was mulcted in fines, deprived of liberty, or adjudged as a slave† (Griffiths 157). Therefore, prisons were a product of the latter punishment, which meant the accused and convicted must be deprived of his or her liberty and declared a slave to society. When in prison, the life of the accused was not as strict as today’s. There were windows that the prisoners could look through in order to beg for charity from the people walking by, and â€Å"sometimes prisoners would be allowed to sell things at the prison gates† (Rodgers 91). Although there are many differences between the life of a prison in the 1700’s and the life of a prisoner today, there are also many similarities. Each accused individual was captured by the police and taken to the nearest holding cell. These cells were in prisons called ‘local prisons.† The individual was then let free or convicted of his or her crime. If convicted, the individual was taken to the closest ‘common prison.’ During the 1700’s there were only local holding jails, common prisons, and houses of correction; later, during the 1800’s prisons became more separated and prisoners were assigned to the appropriate prison. The convicted were not stripped of their belongings like in today’s prisons, but they were searched for weapons or objects that could be used to escape. Once inside, the prisoner was assigned a small cell made of hard walls, floors covered in dirt and rodents, and a bed. If the prisoner was lucky, this bed consisted of a tiny hammock tied to opposite walls, but often times it was made of a wooden bench or the floor. For meals the prisoners were barely fed, but if they were, small rations of bread and water were given. Many times the prisoners died of starvation and dehydration

SCM Virtual Gallery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

SCM Virtual Gallery - Essay Example When someone types keywords into the search engines, the search engines find the keywords in the SEO marketing articles that has been filled with keywords. However, many time search engines’ will pull up an article based on the meta-description. A meta-description is a small description usually about 150 characters to describe what the article is all about. Many website owners will make the meta-description contain many of the keywords pertaining to the article. The articles usually pertain to the website, and what the web site has to offer. A meta-description many times is used as a lead-in, to get someone to click on the website address. Whenever a needed description is filled with keywords, the search engines will locate the article based on the keywords in the meta-description. When a company wants to promote its website a company can make a small meta-description as an advertisement. Many meta-descriptions will tell those looking on the search engines what is on the websi te, or in the article promoting the website. So, a meta-description will be, a brief opening, and a description of what the article, our website contains. When a company uses a social network to promote its business, a company is relying on the users of the social network. Many companies will create a page for something like Facebook, and Facebook will promote the company’s web page by asking users to like, or unlike the website. Using a website to promote a company’s website is one of the most recent ways to market a website. Nearly all of the social networking sites have more than 100 million users, and a company is receiving exposure through this page that the company created on the social networking site through those 100,000,000+ users. There are not many companies who operate in the world today without having a page on the social network site. Pages on social networking sites are becoming the norm for advertising today. With a banner exchange the company creates a banner with its logo, and some important information on the banner. The banner is used to advertise the company by other website. Some banners are used to promote website that has similarities to the website that the banner is being used on. Whenever someone in charge of marketing wants a person to click on a banner ad the person expects that once someone clicks on the banner ad and goes to the website that the banner ad will turn the person into a sale. Converting every user into a sale is the most important, and main goal of all marketing today. Marketing campaigns are the only way that a company can advertise. If no one knows about the company, then no one will purchase products and services from the company.

Journal questions Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal questions - Article Example Stories are an excellent way of attaining management objectives; however, the managers must use different narrative patterns for different aims. Discuss this statement while giving examples of occasions when managers will use a particular narrative pattern? I believe that question one provides the historical perspectives and characteristics of stories. Question two is more detailed since it requires one to understand the purpose of stories and factors that may impact on the success of the story. Question three is a better question than two since it considers the use of stories in business organisations and narrative patterns of stories. Question four is an application question that requires the learner to utilize the knowledge of use of stories in inspiring values and beliefs in organisation. Question five is also an application question that tests the overall understanding of storytelling in organisation. Personally, I believe question three is more academic and

Professional Learning Communities Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Professional Learning Communities - Assignment Example n ongoing, job-embedded; results driven and a professional development model that fosters collegiality and collaboration among the entire education setting. Alternatively, the intellectual goal of the mission was attained by contributing to some of the existing research bodies, which informs regarding the professional development practices (Baccellieri, 2010). Before implementing the process, the school had to communicate its vision first. In this case, individuals involved had to begin developing a shared vision that was grounded towards mutual understanding and trust. The vision in this case was supposed to be important while making important decisions regarding the learning institution. Alternatively, the vision was to show commitment of the school in attaining long-term objectives (Baccellieri, 2010). Therefore, the first step during the implementation process was to have a belief thus, how the school members were seeing the world, capabilities and skills that are conducive to the change. The principle of the school advocated for a person-centered type of approach especially towards the staff management. Alternatively, the development of the teachers became a priority. The second approach during the implementation process was building the relationships between the learners and the teachers. The focus in this case was the cognitive dimensions regarding the staff’s job (Buffum, 2009). The relationships were also built through recreational ways. Most of the activities done here were instrumental in building an effective atmosphere of trust among the members of the institution. After building the relationship between the members of the institution, the third principle during the implementation process was empowerment. In this case, the process entailed enabling the students, staff and the parents into participation and the contribution of emerging expertise for the benefit of the institution. In doing this, several circulating logistical information systems

The Main Functions and Responsibilities of the Manager Case Study - 1

The Main Functions and Responsibilities of the Manager - Case Study Example It seeks to find out the ethical questions that managers may have to ask themselves as they make decisions. This report seeks to draw insight on management theories and elaborate on how they work in the real world. The report will attempt to draw conclusions based on interviewee’s experiences. It will examine how working relationships affect the execution and coordination of an organisation’s activities. Responsibilities of A Manager The interviewer began by asking the manager his responsibilities at his current position. He asked the manager to describe his areas of accountability, responsibility, and delegation. The manager described his responsibilities as divided into three main categories (Tripathi & Reddy, 2005, pp. 12-35). The operational responsibilities are in line with the organisation’s mission. The manager also deals with financial and administrative issues, which mainly relate to the organisation’s resources and how they are allocated and util ised. These include the human resource element where the manager is responsible for the allocation and distribution of staff and the tasks they handle. The third category of responsibilities in matters of compliance. It is upon the manager to ensure all the organisation’s activities adhere to set laws, regulations, standards, and ethics. The manager has the responsibility of implementing established policies and procedures to ensure the smooth, fair, and lawful running of the organisation. A manager usually has staff reporting to them. The interviewer asked the manager if the manager had ever had to deal with an underperforming member of staff, how the manager dealt with the matter and the result. Was there an improvement in the employee’s performance? Where there was no improvement, the interviewer asked about the steps the manager took.

Volumes Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Volumes - Lab Report Example Additionally, the data on the height and the diameter of the bullet shaped object was collected and tabulated. In the second experiment, the data on the sphere’s mass was collected as mass 1 to mass 5. The fourth experimental that was needed in the experiment was the diameter for the five spheres which were taken as diameter 1 to diameter 6 We took the density of the clay as Mass per Unit of Volume. The formula that was used in calculating this was with an SI unit of . In the experiment, the propagation of errors was calculated from the approach of partial derivatives. The formula for this was The standard errors for the experiment were demonstrated by . The standard error was obtained through the computation of standard deviation from the various measurement. We later calculated the standard deviation with the help of a graphical analysis program. The standard deviation was denoted as N is taken to mean the measurement’s number of x. x and y are taken to represent their mean values. The uncertainties in the end outcome were reported with one significant number. It was assumed that the final average value is equated to the number of decimal points found in the uncertainty. The equipment that were used in the experiment include; a plastic bag, hollow cylinder, bullet shaped object, Vernier’s calipers, balance, and a set of masses. In the first experiment we determined the volumes and the standard error for the hollow cylinder, bullet shaped object, and the triangle prism (Price, 889). The following equation was used to calculate the volume of the hollow cylinder The Vernier calipers was used to measure the pertinent dimension of the object. The dimension of the Vernier was 0.05mm. The five measurement of the provided object was measured. After taking the five measurement, the mean values for the dimensions were also determined. The standard deviations for the dimensions for the hollow cylinders was then determined. The

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Leadership - Essay Example I started working at that restaurant from the age of sixteen as a first delivery personnel. Gradually, I got promoted and finally got the position of Assistant Manager. The duties and responsibilities of Assistant Manager included coordinating between the waiters and the kitchen, making sure that all the orders are filled in tie and waiters do not make any kind of mistake pertaining to filling the orders. Another responsibility was related to the decors of the restaurant and reporting any problem that might arise on the part of waiters or any other workers. Apart from me, there was also another Assistant who had the responsibilities of the kitchen supplies. Our manager was very proficient in running the restaurant. The manager was authoritative in nature and he wanted the instructions to be pursued in great detail. We were not allowed to make decisions on our own as there was no delegation at all. He did not have the habit of taking his assistants into confidence. The main objective of managing and maintaining the restaurant definitely got accomplished easily due to this style of leadership of our manager but his subordinates used to get highly disappointed with him including me, the other assistant and the waiters. Slowly and gradually, everyone started having problems with him as he was way more authoritative and wanted everyone to follow his instructions. Other workers used to manage somehow, but were very disappointed with the behavior of our manager since I had the habit of doing work based on my own decisions. Due to this, I started having serious conflicts with my manager. My job was also in danger as humiliating or unethical behavior with senior staff could cost me a loss of a good job. The situation got more serious when during a busy weekend I was asked by my manager regarding assisting the cashier when I was already on my toes in performing my old duties and, therefore, I did not have enough time for new responsibilities. At first, I politely refused him but he did not want to understand my position. I told that I was already busy in my previous duties but he was committed to his statement that only I had to help the cashier. That situation led to conflict between me and my manager and we argued with each other for about 30 minutes. At last, I had to obey his command and I was compelled to follow his instructions. I had decided in my mind that I had to talk to senior manager related to this issue. The next day, I went to the senior manager and told him the entire situation. At first, he also gave the glimpse of being an authoritative leader but later on he understood my view point and called the manager. We both were in the cabin of our Senior Manager and my manager was continually debating and arguing with him. Making someone understand a simple thing was never been so difficult for me. With all due respect, he was not only authoritative but also very stubborn. Anyway, the senior manager provided us both the list of duties of assistant manager and asked to follow the duties which were mentioned in the list. The list consisted of duties and responsibilities for both: the manager and the assistant manager. I was a bit relaxed that now the problem has been solved to certain extent and from now I will try to have minimal interaction with my manager, though it was not possible practically. To certain extent, I learnt to compromise and I had to kill my own ideas, feedback and

Geothermal Energy in Iceland Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Geothermal Energy in Iceland - Coursework Example The researcher states that despite the slow pace at which the researches are being conducted, mainstream awareness, as well as government pressures, are on the rise. Various energy technologies have been proposed as appropriate for generating both electricity and heat to address the growing energy demand. A good example of a country involved in harnessing and utilizing renewable energy sources by use of various technological developments in Iceland. Various research findings have outlined different sources of alternative energy. The sources include solar energy, which can be converted either for heating purposes or by use of complex conversion into electricity. Next is wind power that can be used either for generation of electricity or for pumping water. We also have biomass that is used for various purposes including production of heat for warmth and cooking and production of methane gas used in alcohol production for powering electric power plants and fueling automobile. The other source of renewable energy is geothermal power. It is a reservoir of hot water and steam beneath the earth’s surface and can be used for heating as well as the generation of electricity. In addition, we have tidal and wave energy is used for heating and generation of electricity. Of all the stated alternative sources of energy, geothermal energy is one of the energy sources that have gained relevance as green energy leading to its widespread exploitation. The main purpose of this report will be to demonstrate an understanding and ability to assess, generation and the use of, geothermal energy in Iceland with different forms of alternative technologies. As a result, the research process will involve Identification of the primary ways in which energy is being generated from an alternative source (geothermal) in Iceland for the generation of electricity, heat, and transport.

Phoenix Agency Roanoke Branch Essay Example for Free

Phoenix Agency Roanoke Branch Essay A parasitic disease is defined as any disease resulting from the presence of any life cycle stage of parasite. Cheyletiella are mites that live on the skin, causing irritation, dandruff, and itchiness. A distinguishing feature of this mite species are the large, claw-like mouth parts. These mites can be found quite commonly on cats, dogs, rabbits, and other species. Though humans are not a natural host for this parasite, Cheyletiella mites can happily live on humans for a while, causing an itchy rash. Cheyletiella parasitovorax, also known as walking dandruff, is a mild dermatitis caused by fur mites in rabbits. It’s often referred to as walking dandruff as the mite can sometimes be seen moving under the dandruff scales. It is primarily transmitted by direct contact between infested and non-infested rabbits. The mites can survive in the environment for several days, so spread may also occur through contaminated hay or bedding. The presence of fur mites is not always easy to determine. When present, Cheyletiella parasitovorax is most likely to be found on the dorsum and neck of the rabbit. Signs and symptoms include thinning of the hair over the shoulders and back, red oily hairless patches over the back and head, dandruff, and mild-to-moderate pruritus. Rabbits may not show any signs of infestation. Though sometimes Cheyletiella mites can be seen moving about on the skin, in many cases they can be quite difficult to find . Diagnosis is made by identification of the mite. This may be possible with the naked eye or using a magnifying glass in heavier infestations. In other cases it may be necessary to examine hair or skin scrapings under a microscope. Examining dandruff, hairs or scrapings of the skin under the microscope can positively identify the mites or eggs. By combing the coat of an infested rabbit over a piece of black paper and observing the paper for â€Å"moving dandruff is another way a diagnosis is made. There are several different treatments available. The veterinarian usually determines which one is best for the rabbit. Most commonly treatment involves a course of either injections or spot on treatments. Dips in lime sulfur and injections of ivermectin have been used to treat an infestation with these mites. The rabbit should be re-examined at the end of the course of treatment to ensure that the infestation has cleared completely. It is just as important to ensure that the environment is properly treated, in order to avoid re-infestation. This is done by removing all hay, bedding, and toys. Once removed disinfect them thoroughly, then use an insecticidal fog or spray that is effective against Cheyletiella. Some veterinarians recommend preventative treatment with kitten-strength Revolution for rabbits who are particularly prone to mite infestations. Dosage amount and frequency will be determined by the size of the rabbit, along with its medical history. There is no vaccine available to prevent this disease. Cheyletiella is considered to be a possible zoonotic infection. Most people are exposed through handling of infested pets. Infection is typically transient and self-limiting in people because constant contact with infected animals is needed to maintain infection with humans. Occasionally humans exposed to this parasite will develop mild skin lesions. These may be itchy and can form open sores in very severe cases. Anyone handling diseased rabbits should thoroughly wash their hands and use appropriate caution to prevent from being infected. Cheyletiella parasitovorax isn’t a reportable disease. I would educate clients about Cheyletiella by use of posters, charts and pictures. I would also send home brochures and websites for them to read over. These materials would describe the cause, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Cheyletiella.

Poultry Waste as an Organic Fertilizer

Poultry Waste as an Organic Fertilizer LITERATURE REVIEW The several studies have been reported that the higher amounts of metals are present in different organic wastes, such as poultry fertilizer (Lopes et al., 2011; Bolan et al. 2004) and poultry fertilizer composts (Haroun et al. 2009; Farrell and Jones 2009a; Chen et al. 2008; Cai et al. 2007; Goi et al. 2006; Ihnat and Fernandes 1996; Ayuso et al. 1996; Ciavatta et al. 1993). These metals are potentially bio-transferable to soils and to different crops (Lopes et al., 2011; Achiba et al. 2009; Odlare et al. 2008; Bose and Bhattacharyya 2008; Kidd et al. 2007; Casado-vela et al. 2007; Korboulewsky et al. 2002; Cole et al. 2001; Bazzoffi et al. 1998; Pinamonti et al. 1997). Literature survey have suggested the both concerns of metals availability and mobility to humans environment, and their necessity for regular agronomic practices. The application of poultry waste as an organic fertilizer is major source for improving soil productivity and crop yield (Dikinya 2010; Cooperband et al. 2002). However, beside these beneficial applications of poultry waste, it is also responsible for different problems and adverse effects towards soil and plants and the trace level of these metals in plants may pose health hazards to plants consumers such as humans and animals (Singh R 2010; Arroyo et al., 2014; Diaz-Barrientoset al. 2003). The induction of HM due to poultry waste land practices to agricultural land may behave a different role in affecting soil composition and the growth of plant (Zhou et al., 2005; Miyazawa et al. 2002, Walker et al. 2003). Tao and Mancl 2008, estimated daily manure production by a broiler and laying hen to be 0.09 kg and 0.18 kg, respectively. Moreki JC and Chiripasi SC 2011; Edwards 1992, described the factors that influence manure production include type of chicken, age and breed, stocking densi ty, feed conversion, kind and amount of feed, litter, floor, moisture content of manure, and even climatic impacts during absorption. Ritz and Merka, 2009 reported, that the factors affecting composition of manure are type of birds, feed nutrient density, bedding material and amount, time in use and other management factors. 2.1. Beneficial impacts of poultry waste The poultry waste amendment in soil as a fertilizer is a common practice for centuries and it had been used the most desired natural fertilizer due to contents of high amount of nitrogen (Sloan et al., 2003) and nourishes plants with necessary nutrients. Poultry fertilizer have enhanced the product yield in several crops, such as Bermuda grass, wheat, rice, orchard, grass fescue, and corn (Moore 1995; Edwards and Daniel 1992; Wood 1992; Miller et al. 1991). Such practices of manures to agricultural soil raises organic contents, provides nutrients, improves soil structure and increases nutrients which are induced by crops (Lopes 2011; Singh and Agrawal 2008; Weber et al. 2007). It is reported that the increase in crops yield is due to the higher contents of Nitrogen present in waste, whereas, in rice crop S, Zn, P, K and N cannot duplicated in graded soils (Moore et al. 2005; Miller et al. 1991). Sunarlim et al., 1999 has been stated that, the application of chicken farm waste provide nutrients as well as134 increases the biological, physical chemical and properties of agricultural soil. It has been investigated by Jamali et al. 2008; Scancar et al., 2000 that, the higher amount of organic content and significant concentrations of P and N in solid waste endorse its usage, in the most cost- effective mode, as an agricultural manure or as a soil conditioner. Caviatti et al., 1993 11 stated that increase in pH of composite lowers the mobility of HM. The disposing of animal waste is the beneficial land disposal method and increases agronomic production (Ekop et al. 2011; Obasi et al., 2008). This is a typical economic sustainable means of changing waste to wealth. Due to the high cost of inorganic fertilizers, small scale farmers now apply livestock and poultry manure, sewage sludge and municipal waste to improve soil fertility (Odoemelam and Ajunwa, 2008; 51). In terms of HM stabilization in polluted sites, very small metal concentration of metals into shoot/stems is acceptable to prevent their induction to food chain via ecosystem described by Pichtel et al., 2000. Singh et al. 2012, reported that the nutrient accumulation amount vary by crop specie and variety. As reported by ul Islam et al. 2007, the association of microbes and root and soil and plant acts an active specie in regulation of HM transference from agricultural soil to edible parts of plants. Chibuike 2014; ul Islam et al. 2007 and Baker 1981, reported that these plants are able to tolerate the HM via three mechanisms, namely, (a). exclusion: restriction of metal transport and maintenance of a constant metal concentration in the shoot within the higher range of soil concentration (b). inclusion: metal concentrations within the shoot reflecting relationship; and (c). bioaccumulation: accumulation of metals in the shoot and roots of plants at both low and high soil concentrati ons. Thomas et al. 2012, stated that the essential and non-essential metals may accumulated in soils by means of wastewater irrigation, sewage sludge and poultry manure application by the use of fertilizers and agrochemicals. 2.2. Adverse effects of poultry waste Nowadays, environmental pollution is of high global concern issue. Regarding to this issue, HM pollution in agricultural soil has always been deeply focused by the scientific community 34. (A. K. Chopra., 2009; 34) reported that the HM are usually present at lower concentrations in soil, due to their toxicity and cumulative behavior HM does not only have toxic effects on plants but also create human health problems. The existence of HM in animal excretion (livestock and poultry manure) may contained in their feed or other supplements (Hamid and Jawaid 2013; Lopes 2011; Petersen et al. 2007; European Commission 2003). Therefore, the extent of HM in manure is usually moderate for lead and cadmium. The micronutrients such as Zn and Cu, generally added to animal feed supplements, to enhance the production and disease prevention (Nicholson et al. 1999). It was reported by Barathi et al., 2013, Kelleher, et al., 2002, that utilization of poultry waste as fertilizer have many adverse impacts, such as ground and surface water contamination, odors and insect accumulation with decrease in crop production. (FAO, 2006) stated that the aerial emissions of pollutants from poultry production facilities can affect air quality. Ammonia emitted into the atmosphere is arguably the most environmentally significant aerial contaminant related with poultry production. Zhang et al. 2005 reported that, the excreta of poultry farms contain some harmful components, such as HM, pathogenic microorganisms and veterinary drugs. McLaughlin et al., 1999 has reported that all HM are toxic at higher concentrations. Ligaba 2011 and Barazani 2004 reported that, the HM due to oxidative damage in plants may responsible to create toxicity to higher plants , including enhanced lipid per oxidation, oxidation of protein and reductants in the cell DNA impairment, , 12 stated that the, toxic metals have negative impact on crops may be due to oxidative stress, dislocating of enzymes or essential metals within the pigments present in plants, disruption of the molecules, metabolic processes and reduce the growth and production yield (Stohs and Bagchi, 1995, Zhang, et al., 2000). Bolan et al. 2004 and Park et al. 2011 stated that the beneficial effects, concern over the potential hazards associated with organic manures continues to attract the attention. Dean 2008 stated that, the PM may contain relatively high concentrations of several trace metals such as: Pb, Cu, Cd, Fe and Zn as reported by Unwin, 1998; Sims and Wolf, 19 94; Bolan et al., 2010. A.K. Chopra, 2009, reported that, HM are the important pollutant group, these are stable and cannot be degraded or destroyed, therefore these tend to accumulate in soils. The HM also occur in nature, their excessive accumulation can create carcinogenic and other toxic effects in living organisms. Further he reported that, various industries are playing a key role in this context by discharging a large amount of effluents on the land soil. According to Gupta 2007, the distribution and absorption of HM in tissues of vegetable plants are important to assess and monitor the role of phytoremediation in metaliferous soils. Lente, J. 2014; Drechsel, 2014 and Muchuwati M. 2006, described that, the regular assessment in agricultural soils and crops is therefore, very important to analyze concentration and conceive the method to reduce contamination, in order to reduce risks to human health. In vegetables these HM accumulate in edible parts (fruits, leaves and roots) and the HM are most often found in vegetables include cadmium, copper, arsenic, chromium, lead, zinc, cobalt and nickel earlier described by Drechsel, 2014; Lakmalie 2011 and Muchuwati et al., 2006, stated that other than the safety risks, HM higher than the permissible limits also pollute soils and affect quality and growth of crops. The trace levels of HM may create problems in soil, such as food chain contaminations and phytotoxicity as stated by Kumaragamage an d Indraratne 2011; Nicholson et al., 2003 and 35, 85. Arunakumara et al., 2013; Sadon et al., 2012; Chand et al.,2012, have been reported that contamination of agricultural soils with HM, created significant environmental problems and Rotkittikhun 2007 stated that, their uptake by plants can have strong adverse impacts on human health contaminated via food chain. McLaughlin et al., 2000; Pierzynski et al., 2000 have documented that synthetic fertilizers and pesticides contain trace metals as impurities or active ingredients. Singh and Aggarwal, 2006 reported, the crop yields get contaminated, the excessive metals in the plant can result in decreased crop yield too due to the inhibition of plant metabolic processes. Baig et al. 2011; Cooper et al., 2011 and ul Islam 2007 estimated that, thresholds of nutritional toxicity in soil to plant system and accumulation of HM in plants may vary with several factors. Roeper et al. 2005; 41 contended that the problem created due to the poultry industries is the excreted manure, it is hazardous to livings and environment due improper disposing and treatment methods. Furthermore, it spread diseases, contaminate the groundwater resources and agricultural soils, if not handled properly. 2.3. Sequential Extraction of HM The bioavailable and mobile HM, and their ecotoxicity to crops, rely and depend upon the origin of bonding and their definite chemical forms 35. In order to evaluate and monitor geochemical forms and harmful effects, these physicochemical forms should be evaluated, rather than the total metal concentration investigated by Fuentes 2004; Pueyo et al., 2001; Fernandez et al., 2000; Perez -Cid et al., 1999; Legret, 1993. The environmental behavior of potentially toxic metals critically rely on their origins (Bacon et al. 2008; Kazi et al. 2006; Ure and Davidson 2002). The way by which HM bound to solid components of environment, like sediments and soils, this act may affect the bioavailability, mobility and toxicity of metals towards livings (Bacon et al. 2008). The Sequential Extraction scheme was firstly suggested by Lasheen 2009; Kersten and Forstner 1986; Tessier et al. 1979; which comprises five steps: Yao 2009 (i) Exchangeable fraction, (ii) Carbonated bound fraction (extracted by acetic-acetate buffer), 114 (iii) Fe/Mn oxide bound fraction (extracted by hydroxylamine), (iv) Organic matter bound fraction (extracted by hydrogen peroxide in nitric acid) and (v) Residual fraction. The Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) in 1987 also began a scheme to harmonies the procedure used in the sequential extraction schemes to determine the levels of HM in various environmental samples, it was also used to define CRM (certified reference material) by Ure et al., 1993. This procedure has been historically used to various matrix, such as soil (Vieira 2009; Vidaland Rauret, 1993), sewage sludge (Prez-Cid et al., 1996, Alvarez et al., 2002), sediment (Thomas85et al., 1994, Marin et al., 1997), ash (Villar et al., 2001) and composts (Oyeyiola 2011; Gre enway and Song, 2002). The BCR sequential extraction, a simple 70 3-steps and an additional step, which give rise to four different fractions that was thoroughly tested by inter laboratory trials reported by Delgado 2011; Tokalioglu et al., 2000. The original procedure was reported by Quevauviller et al., 1994 and Quevauviller, 1998, Cappuyns 2009, consist 3-extractions which separated ‘acid extractable’ (CH3COOH 0.11 M), ‘reducible’ (NH2OH.HCl, 0.1 M, pH 2) and ‘oxidisable’ (H2O2 30%) fractions. 2.4. Modified BCR Procedure The reducing extraction (NH2OH.HCl) fraction in the BCR sequential extraction scheme was found to suffer from a lack of reproducibility (Cappuyns 2007). After testing different reaction conditions (concentration of the reagent, pH), the NH2OH.HCl concentration was changed to 0.5 M and the pH of the reagent was adjusted to 1.5 by addition of a fixed volume of HNO3 instead of 0.1 M NH2OH.HCl at pH 2 39. Original BCR procedure recently being superseded by a modified version and this procedure is very popular during recent years and their application has increased lately, during the certification of Reference Materials reported by Sahuquillo et al.,1999, Rauret et al., 2000; 103 Perez Cid et al., 2001, Sutherland and Tack, 2002, Mossop and Davidson, 2003; Kazi et al., 2006. The revised protocol involves use of an increased concentration of NH2OH †¢HCl and lower pH (Mossop 2003). It improves reproducibility due, it is thought, to a more efficient dissolution of the reducible fraction of the soil matrix, most probably the iron oxyhydroxide phase. 2.5. Single Extractions The single extraction procedures are widely used as a general tool to evaluate metal polluted sediments, sewage sludge (MarguÄ ± 2004; Hardaway et al., 1999), construction materials and soils (van der Sloot et al., 1996). Ph. Quevauviller et al., 1997, investigated that for soil and environmental samples the most commonly used leaching/extraction tests were selected in order to identify the degree of similarity, exchangeability and/or complementary nature of data. These tests consisted of single extractions using water, mild (CaCl2, NaNO3), acid (CH3COOH) and complexing extractants (EDTA, DTPA) (Houba et al., 1990, Gupta and Aten, 1993). According to MarguÄ ± 2004, the leaching test, which is based on a German Standard Method (DIN 38414-S4) was developed to assess leaching of sludge and sediments from water and wastewater treatment. Among single extraction methods, CaCl2 and DTPA were the most widely used extractants (Wang 2004; Houba et al., 1996; Novozamsky et al., 1993). 2.5.1. Complexing extractant (EDTA) Beckett, 1989, McLaughlin et al., 2000, 33 has been to express heavy-metal levels in soils as plant- or potentially plant-available metal levels rather than â€Å"total† concentrations. This implies that â€Å"weaker† extractants or chelating agents be used in heavy-metal studies. EDTA, in either the di-sodium or di-ammonium salt form, has been used extensively in a host of studies as an extractant of potentially plant- available heavy metals. Baig et al. 2010; David Fangueiro 2002; Ure et al., 1993, Quevauviller et al. 1998 reported using a single extraction scheme such as extraction with EDTA has been suggested by the Measurement and Testing Programme, in order to analyze the bioavailable HM. However, these methods of evaluation are attained under equilibrium conditions and the bioavailability and distribution of species, achieved only by thermodynamic considerations is also of limited application. 2.5.2. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) 0.01 M Calcium Chloride (Jones 2007; McBride et al., 2003; Houba et al., 2000; van Erp et al., 1998) have been suggested as measure of phytoavailability for selected HM in soil and solid samples. The bioavailable extractable trace and toxic HM were also evaluated by using 0.01 M CaCl2 as an extractant (Menzies et al., 2007; Kuo et al., 2006). Xiao-ping et al., 2004 have described that the CaCl2 is one of the main constituents of soil background electrolytes. The HM, which are accumulated in soil, may weaken and break the bonding sites of calcium (Razic 2006). 2.5.3. Water extraction fraction (DIN test 38414-S4) Leita and Nobili, 1991, examined that most readily bioavailable fractions of organics and HM are the water-soluble in composts applied to soils. So that the water soluble extraction in soil is always thought to be the portion of the most weakly bound forms to the solid phase (Akira Takeda. 2006). The deionized water was used for the water extraction, these extraction methods were initiated with 1:10 ratio of soil and extract volume, at room temperature and shaken for 2-hours then flirted and analyzed (Berti and Jacob, 1996).

Historical Narrative: Beacon In A Sea Of Darkness :: essays research papers fc

The day started as usual. I got out of bed. My eyes sore from lack of sleep. My feet hit the cold floor, sending a shudder through my spine. It's a shame. In the winter, the weatherman will tell you that tomorrow will be a warm one, but warm for winter in New York is still blisteringly cold (Weather 53). I looked at the clock. 7:50 AM. No time for breakfast. I had to get to work. In this business, either you were there on time to take someone's case or he went to another detective. I grabbed my coat and started running down the apartment stairs, trying to wave down a taxi. My landlord tried to nab me and complain about my late rent, but I had not time to trifle with him. I jumped into the first taxi I saw and told the driver to take me to the corner of 7th and Elm. Whin I got to the office, Rose, my secretary, was on the phone talking to her fiance ("Miss" 30). Her husband to be was a real sweet talker, but he was a Communist, which made my blood hot. Such a shame, a fine broad going to waste like that. She whispered goodbye to him and hung up the phone. "Any calls for me while I was out, Rose?" "No, Sam, the morning's been pretty quiet so far," she replied. "Here's the morning paper as you requested. The coffee should be hot and ready in just a few minutes." "You're a doll, you know that, Rose? I swear my morning would be a nightmare if it weren't for you. I've got a couple of tickets to the next Yankees game if you'd like to go out. I hear Mantle and Rizzuto are hitting pretty well" (Effrat 34). "Mr. Brock! Thank you very much, but I'm engaged. I can't go off on a weekend dating spree right before I get married. What would others think? They'd call me a floozy for sure!" "Well, I thought it was worth a try. Give me a holler if you change your mind. I'll be in my office if anything comes up." I walked into my office, about to shut the door, when I stopped myself. "Rose, what do you see in that guy anyway? Did he trick you into marriage or was he just the only guy left in the store?" "Despite what you may think of him, I find him very attractive.

Sa pagitan ng lumang libro :: Foreign Language Essays

Sa Pagitan ng Lumang Libro Chapter I: Bagong simula Isang araw habang nakaupo ako sa ilalim ng punong mangga, nasabi ko, â€Å"Hay naku, parang kailan lang natapos ang klase, magpapasukan na naman†. â€Å"May bago kaya akong kaklase? Doon pa rin kaya papasok ang mga kaibigan ko?†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Ako nga pala si Roxanne Marie Lopez ang naglalahad ng storya ng buhay ko. Isang umaga,† Hay, 6:00 na ng umaga na pala, pasukan na, kailangan ko ng magmadali†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Nang nasa skul na ako, una kong nakita si Ate Camille, skulmeyt ko, ganda ng bati ko nang mapalingon ako at mapansin si Lawrence, malapit na kaibigan ko kaso medyo nakakainis kasi masyadong manhid. Ay! Di ko pala naikukwento, crush ko pala siya di niya nga lang alam. Binati ko rin naman siya. Ang pinagtatakahan ko lang, nang paakyat na ako, nagtutumpukan ang mga estudyante, hindi ko nga alam ang dahilan. Tamang-tama dahil nakasalubong ko si Karen at sinabi niya sa akin na graba daw kami kaswerte dahil kaklase namin ang isang sikat na teen actor ng Japan. Siya si Kaijiro Natsume. Ang pelikula niya ay kasalukuyang pinapalabas ngayon sa paborito kong channel ko. â€Å"Ha?† sabi ko. Para kasing di kapani-paniwala, dito pa mismo sa silid-aralan naming. Napag-alaman ko pala na 17 gulang na pala siya. Ang layo ng edad sa amin. Pero syempre sa Japan may grade 7 talaga at pahinto hinto siya dahil sa mga pelikula na kanyang ginagawa. Pagkatapos ng ilang lingo, inayos na ng aming guro ang pwesto ng aming mga upuan, nakakagulat dahil katabi ko siya, kaya nga kapag kinakausap ko siya, hirap din akong mag-english e, pero nakakatuwa kasi ang talino niya sa Science at Math. Minsan naikwento niya pala sa akin na kaya siya nandito sa Pilipinas ay dahil may –business contract-ang pamilya at pagkatapos nito ay babalik na rin sila sa Japan. Nakakatuwa nga e, dahil may libre akong tutor sa lahat ng subjects kaya matataas lagi ang aking iskor sa mga pagsusulit. Isang araw may bakante kami oras sa hapon, naku! Nakatulog ang lolo, kaya umalis muna ako sandali, nang medyo nakakalayo na ako sa upuan ko, lumapit ang mga malalapit kong kaibigan na kaklase ko at sinabi nila â€Å"alam mo, napapansin ko malapit n a kayo niyang si Kaijiro, minsan nga ang –sweet- niyo kaya kinikilig kami palagi†. Sabi ko, â€Å"Ano ba kayo, syempre magkatabi kami natural magiging malapit na kaibigan ko siya†. â€Å"E papaano na si Lawrence, may gusto ka sa kanya di ba?

Governements Bureaucratic Half-witted Laws :: essays research papers fc

Governement's Bureaucratic Half-Witted Laws Todays big government is a typical display of bureaucracy in its most creative state. Due to the enormous bureaucracy within todays state governments, many laws have been passed through legislation that really didn't need to be passed. These laws are a display of the way government likes to show power over the people using legal suppression. Governments have created laws governing almost anything that the people do as an act of blatant suppression, even if the laws my never be able to be unforced. In reviewing many law books, many laws were found that did not seem to do anything but annoy the general populous. These laws and ordinances are used by the government to show power without having to be confronted by any particular person who might have been affected, because these legal suppressors will most likely not be enforced by the local law-enforcement agencies. In Alabama it is legal to drive a motor vehicle while you are blindfold. Most of the people in our nation most likely would not decide to drive with a blindfold on. Yet, the Alabama state government needs to have power so it passed the "no driving while blindfold" law. Alabama is not the only state with laws that seem useless. In California community leaders passed an ordinance that makes it illegal for anyone to try to stop a child from playfully jumping over puddles of water. The fine for such a crime is fifty dollars and up to ten days in jail. Once again a government decided it didn't have enough power and thought that it might as well impose a new law to show its "immense" power over the people. In Connecticut you can be stopped be the police for bike riding over sixty-five miles an hour. You can also be arrested for walking across a street on your hands. These laws will probably not be enforced due to the fact that the odds of biking over sixty-five miles an hour or walking across a street on one's hands seems unlikely. Florida may be one of the most creative legal suppressors in the Unites States. One law reads "Women may be fined up to 150 dollars if they fall asleep under a hair dryer, as can the salon owner." Another law states that if an elephant is tied to a parking meter, the parking fee has to be paid just as it would for a vehicle. A special law in Florida also prohibits unmarried women from parachuting on Sunday or she shall risk arrest, fine, or sometimes jailing. Men may not be seen publicly wearing any type of strapless

Quiz Essay Questions Economics

CHAPTER 12 Fiscal Policy A. Short-Answer, Essays, and Problems 1. Give a brief definition of fiscal policy? What are its economic goals? 2. What is the Council of Economic Advisers? 3. â€Å"The Employment Act of 1946 is no more than a vague and ill-defined commitment by the Federal government to assist in the achievement of full employment. † Do you agree? Explain. 4. Explain the effect of a discretionary cut in taxes of $40 billion on the economy when the economy’s marginal propensity to consume is . 75.By how much is output likely to expand if the economy is operating in the horizontal range of its aggregate supply curve and there are no complications to this fiscal policy? How does this discretionary fiscal policy differ from a discretionary increase in government spending of $40 billion? 5. Explain the effect of a discretionary increase in government spending of $50 billion on the economy when the economy’s marginal propensity to consume is . 75. By how much is output likely to expand if the economy is operating in the horizontal range of its aggregate supply curve and there are no complications to this fiscal policy? . Explain the aspects of expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy. During which phases of the business cycle would each be appropriate? 7. Differentiate between discretionary fiscal policy and nondiscretionary or built-in stabilization policy. 8. Describe two ways the Federal government can finance a deficit and explain which would have the more expansionary effect. 9. Describe two ways the Federal government could retire debt in the event of a budget surplus and explain which would have the most contractionary impact. 10. What is the anti-inflationary or contractionary effect of a budget surplus? 11.Explain how a small budget surplus could actually be somewhat expansionary rather than contractionary. 197 Chapter 12 New 12. Comment on the statement: â€Å"Increasing government spending is preferred to a cut in taxes when the U. S. government seeks to fight a recession. † 13. Explain what is meant by a built-in stabilizer and give two examples. 14. â€Å"The more progressive a tax system, the greater is the economy’s built-in stability. † Explain this statement for both recessionary and peak phases of the business cycle. 15. Explain how the below graph illustrates the built-in stability of a progressive tax structure. 6. In Year 1, the full-employment budget showed a deficit of about $100 billion and the actual budget showed a deficit of $150 billion one year. In Year 2, the full employment budget showed a deficit of about $125 billion and the actual budget showed a deficit of $150 billion. Based on these data, what can be concluded about the direction of fiscal policy? 17. What is the difference between the actual deficit, the full-employment deficit, and the cyclical deficit? 18. What does the â€Å"full-employment budget† measure and of what significance is this co ncept? 19.Complete the table below by stating whether the direction of discretionary fiscal policy was contractionary (C), expansionary (E), or neither (N), given the hypothetical budget data for an economy. 198 Fiscal Policy (2) (3) Actual budget deficit (–) or Full-employment budget Yearsurplus (+)deficit (–) or surplus (+) fiscal policy 1 2 3 4 5 6 – 3. 9% – 4. 5 – 4. 7 – 3. 9 – 2. 9 – 2. 2 – 2. 1% – 2. 6 – 3. 0 – 2. 6 – 2. 0 – 1. 9 (1) (4) Direction of _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ 20. In what fundamental way do the spending-taxation decisions of government differ from the consumption-saving plans of households?Why is this difference significant? New 21. Comment on the statement: â€Å"Discretionary fiscal policy offers an ideal approach to dealing with the nation’s economic problems. It is without problems, criticisms, or complications. † New 22. Explain the six probl ems, criticisms, or complications that arise in the implementation of fiscal policy. New 23. Explain the problems giving rise to this statement: â€Å"You would think the government would want to do something to improve economic conditions when the economy is in trouble, but the government is slow to act. New 24. How do expectations about the future by households and businesses affect the effectiveness of fiscal policy? Cite examples. 25. â€Å"If economic forecasting was a more exact science, the business cycle could be entirely corrected by fiscal measures. † Do you agree? 26. Explain the crowding-out effect. 27. Using the below graph, illustrate the possible impact of a crowding-out effect of a fiscal policy by drawing in the relevant aggregate demand shifts. Label and explain any shifts in the demand curve shown. 199 Chapter 12 28.Explain how the net-export effect would reduce the effectiveness of fiscal policy. New 29. What fiscal policy is most likely to be invoked dur ing a period of recession and high unemployment? A period of rapid inflation? What political, investment, and international problems might the U. S. Congress encounter in enacting these policies and putting them into effect? 30. (Last Word) What is the purpose of the Conference Board’s index of leading economic indicators? 31. (Last Word) Why is the index of leading economic indicators a composite index of ten economic statistics and not just one? 00 Fiscal Policy B. Answers to Short-Answer, Essays, and Problems 1. Give a brief definition of fiscal policy? What are its economic goals? Fiscal policy is the use of the federal budget to achieve full employment, control inflation, and stimulate economic growth. The changes to the federal budget can be made through increases or decreases in government spending or through increases or decreases in tax revenues. [text: E p. 214; MA p. 214]. 2. What is the Council of Economic Advisers?The Council of Economic Advisors is responsible f or assisting and advising the president on economic affairs. One of its principal responsibilities is to prepare an annual report for the president that is submitted to Congress that describes the state of the economy and recommends economic policies to achieve full employment, control inflation, and encourage economic growth. [text: E pp. 214-215; MA pp. 214-215]. 3. â€Å"The Employment Act of 1946 is no more than a vague and ill-defined commitment by the Federal government to assist in the achievement of full employment. Do you agree? Explain. To agree with this statement does not diminish the importance of the Employment Act of 1946. The Constitution has also been called vague and ill-defined, but that does not diminish its importance. This act committed the Federal government to following policies which would attempt to stabilize prices and promote full employment and established the CEA and JEC to assist in this task. While specific policies were not outlined, the intention o f the act is clear it is a responsibility of the Federal government to assist in this effort.That had not been an explicit on-going policy before 1946. [text: E p. 214; MA p. 214] 4. Explain the effect of a discretionary cut in taxes of $40 billion on the economy when the economy’s marginal propensity to consume is . 75. By how much is output likely to expand if the economy is operating in the horizontal range of its aggregate supply curve and there are no complications to this fiscal policy? How does this discretionary fiscal policy differ from a discretionary increase in government spending of $40 billion? If MPC is . 75, the multiplier is 4.A tax cut of $40 billion will result in initial increase in consumption of $30 billion (. 75 ? $40 billion). This initial increase in spending will ultimately result in an increase in consumption spending of $120 billion because of the multiplier process. In contrast, an initial increase in government spending of $40 billion will ultima tely increase consumer spending by $160 billion (4 ? $40) because none of the initial increase is siphoned off as savings as would be the case with a $40 billion tax cut. [text: E pp. 215-216; MA pp. 215-216] 5.Explain the effect of a discretionary increase in government spending of $50 billion on the economy when the economy’s marginal propensity to consume is . 75. By how much is output likely to expand if the economy is operating in the horizontal range of its aggregate supply curve and there are no complications to this fiscal policy? If MPC is . 75, the multiplier is 4. An initial increase of $50 billion government spending will result in a total increase in output of $200 billion. [text: E pp. 215-216; MA pp. 215-216] 6. Explain the aspects of expansionary and contractionary fiscal policy.During which phases of the business cycle would each be appropriate? 201 Chapter 12 Expansionary fiscal policy refers to increases in government spending or decreases in taxes or both, so that the net effect on aggregate demand is an increase in net government spending. Contractionary fiscal policy is the opposite: an increase in taxes or decrease in government spending or both, so that the net effect on aggregate demand is a decrease in net government spending. Expansionary policy would most likely be used during a recession (or trough) phase.A contractionary policy would most likely be employed near the peak of the business cycle as the economy reaches full-employment GDP and the potential for inflation accelerates. [text: E pp. 215-217; MA pp. 215-217] 7. Differentiate between discretionary fiscal policy and nondiscretionary or built-in stabilization policy. Discretionary fiscal policy is the deliberate manipulation of taxes and government spending by the Congress to alter real domestic output and employment, to control inflation, and to stimulate economic growth during a particular period of time.Nondiscretionary fiscal policy, on the other hand, is the chang e in government expenditures or taxes which occurs automatically as a result of existing laws. In particular, personal income taxes have progressive rates and will slow spending and inflation as GDP expands; when GDP declines, taxes will decrease by a more than proportionate amount allowing incomes and spending to decline at a slower rate than GDP. There are also many transfer payment programs which become effective when incomes decline or unemployment occurs to reduce the decline in disposable income.Conversely, these programs automatically are reduced when the economy expands and unemployment declines and spending increases. [text: E pp. 215, 219-220; MA pp. 215, 219-220] 8. Describe two ways the Federal government can finance a deficit and explain which would have the more expansionary effect. The government can borrow money from the private sector in which case it will be competing with private business borrowers for funds. If planned investment spending is â€Å"crowded out,â €  the impact of expansionary deficits will be offset by the decline in investment spending.The government can also finance a deficit by issuing new money which essentially means that the Federal Reserve has financed the deficit. This type of financing would be more expansionary than borrowing from the private sector. [text: E pp. 217-218; MA pp. 217-218] 9. Describe two ways the Federal government could retire debt in the event of a budget surplus and explain which would have the most contractionary impact. The government could use a budget surplus to pay off existing debt which would â€Å"recycle† funds back into the economy and potentially offset the decline in government spending.Alternatively, the government could impound the surplus funds, or allow them to stand idle, which means these funds are not injected into the economy and would have a more contractionary effect than the first alternative. [text: E p. 218; MA p. 218] 10. What is the anti-inflationary or contra ctionary effect of a budget surplus? The anti-inflation effect of a budget surplus depends on what the government does with the surplus. The budget surpluses may be used for debt reduction. In this case, bonds 202 Fiscal Policy are bought back by the government and money is pumped back into the economy.Interest rate will tend to fall, and this may increase consumer and investment spending, thus offsetting some of the contractionary effect of the budget surplus. The government may also impound funds (not spend them). This action will be more contractionary because it actually removes spending from the economy that would have been spent otherwise. [text: E p. 218; MA p. 218] 11. Explain how a small budget surplus could actually be somewhat expansionary rather than contractionary. This could be the unlikely result of what the government decides to do with the surplus.If it is used to retire existing debt, then the surplus is pumped right back into the economy and with the multiplier ef fect this additional liquid wealth in the hands of individuals could lead to an increase in aggregate demand and GDP. [text: E p. 218; MA p. 218] New 12. Comment on the statement: â€Å"Increasing government spending is preferred to a cut in taxes when the U. S. government seeks to fight a recession. † The statement is a normative one. Either action, increased government spending or taxation, can be use to fight a recession. The policy choice will depend on the preferences of the individual.Those individuals who want to fight a recession with an increase in government spending may want to preserve the size of government in the economy and have specific government programs they would like to see funded. Those individuals who prefer a tax cut may want to reduce the size of government and give people more money and the freedom to spend it as they chose. [text: E p. 218; MA p. 218] 13. Explain what is meant by a built-in stabilizer and give two examples. Built-in stabilizers are changes in tax revenues or government spending which occur automatically during different phases of the business cycle.For example, the progressive income tax will dampen any expansion of aggregate demand in the recovery peak phases; and will dampen any decline in income and aggregate demand during a recession as taxes are automatically reduced by a greater proportion than the decline in personal income. There are also government spending programs which increase during recessionary periods automatically as incomes decline or are lost. The so-called â€Å"safety net† programs include unemployment compensation, welfare programs, and food stamp spending.These spending programs are automatically reduced during a recovery peak phase which would dampen aggregate demand and inflationary pressures automatically. [text: E pp. 218-219; MA pp. 218-219] 14. â€Å"The more progressive a tax system, the greater is the economy’s built-in stability. † Explain this statement for both recessionary and peak phases of the business cycle. A progressive tax would take a progressively greater proportion of rising incomes during the peak phase of the business cycle which means it would dampen spending increases and aggregate demand which, in turn, reduces inflationary pressures.On the other hand, a progressive tax would take proportionately less away from declining incomes during a recessionary phase allowing disposable income to fall less rapidly than real GDP. Therefore, aggregate demand would decline less rapidly than GDP and the magnitude of the spending decline that might occur in the absence of the tax would be reduced. [text: E pp. 219-220; MA pp. 219-220] 203 Chapter 12 15. Explain how the below graph illustrates the built-in stability of a progressive tax structure. The graph illustrates how net taxes are negative as GDP declines which will add to aggregate demand.When GDP expands, tax revenues increase which dampens aggregate demand. [text: E pp. 219-22 0; MA pp. 219-220] 16. In Year 1, the full-employment budget showed a deficit of about $100 billion and the actual budget showed a deficit of $150 billion one year. In Year 2, the full employment budget showed a deficit of about $125 billion and the actual budget showed a deficit of $150 billion. Based on these data, what can be concluded about the direction of fiscal policy? Fiscal policy was expansionary because the full-employment budget deficit increased from one year to the next.The actual deficit is composed of the full-employment portion and the cyclical portion. The full-employment portion of the actual budget deficit rose from $100 to $150 billion. The cyclical portion is determined by taking the actual deficit and subtracting the cyclical portion from it. The cyclical portion of the actual deficit fell from $50 billion to $25 billion. The actual budget deficit did not change, but it does not provide a good indication of the direction of fiscal policy. Only the full-employm ent budget tells the direction of fiscal policy. text: E pp. 220-221; MA pp. 220-221] 17. What is the difference between the actual deficit, the full-employment deficit, and the cyclical deficit? The actual budget deficit for any year consists of the full-employment and the cyclical deficit. The full-employment deficit is the difference between government expenditures and tax collections which would occur if there were full employment output. The cyclical deficit is the portion of the actual deficit that arises because the economy is in recession and is produced by this downturn in the business cycle.During a recession, a cyclical deficit often occurs because tax revenues fall as incomes fall and government expenditures increase as more is spent for government transfer payments and other programs. The cyclical deficit occurs because of the operation of these automatic stabilizers. [text: E pp. 221-222; MA pp. 221-222] 18. What does the â€Å"full-employment budget† measure an d of what significance is this concept? The full-employment budget refers to the budget deficit or surplus that would result with existing tax and spending programs if the economy were operating at full-employment.In other words, tax revenues and government spending are estimated at the level that would result if full employment existed. 204 Fiscal Policy Some economists believe that the full-employment budgetary deficit or surplus is what should determine the expansionary or contractionary nature of fiscal policy rather than the actual budgetary deficit or surplus. If the full-employment budget is not in deficit, then expansionary fiscal policy is not being followed according to this view even if the actual budget is in deficit. text: E pp. 221-222; MA pp. 221-222] 19. Complete the table below by stating whether the direction of discretionary fiscal policy was contractionary (C), expansionary (E), or neither (N), given the hypothetical budget data for an economy. (2) (3) Actual bud get deficit (–) or Full-employment budget Yearsurplus (+)deficit (–) or surplus (+) fiscal policy 1 2 3 4 5 6 – 3. 9% – 4. 5 – 4. 7 – 3. 9 – 2. 9 – 2. 2 – 2. 1% – 2. 6 – 3. 0 – 2. 6 – 2. 0 – 1. 9 (1) (4) Direction of E E C C C [text: E pp. 221-222; MA pp. 221-222] 20.In what fundamental way do the spending-taxation decisions of government differ from the consumption-saving plans of households? Why is this difference significant? The spending-taxation decisions of government are made in a political environment in which the majority must be satisfied, or satisfied enough to continue to vote for its elected representatives. Furthermore, since the government does not have a limited lifespan and always has the ability to tax, deficit-spending and debt do not have the same significance to governments that they do to individual households.Households face a much more uncertain future with regar d to their power to raise revenue (income) and therefore must plan their spending and saving to coincide with their lifetime earnings expectations. The difference is significant because so many people try to draw an analogy between government spending policies and household spending plans when it is usually not appropriate to do so. [text: E pp. 223-224; MA pp. 223-224] New 21. Comment on the statement: â€Å"Discretionary fiscal policy offers an ideal approach to dealing with the nation’s economic problems. It is without problems, criticisms, or complications. Discretionary fiscal policy does offer government policymakers potential tools (changing taxes or government spending) to use for stimulating the economy during a recession or for contracting the economy during a period of high inflation. Fiscal policy, however, is not without its problems, criticisms, or complications. First, there are timing problems in getting it implemented at the right time so it will be effectiv e. Second, there are political problems in getting it accepted because it takes time to get the actions passed through Congress and signed by the President.Third, there are expectations problems because policies may be reversed in the future. Fourth, the taxing and spending decisions of the Federal government may be partially offset by the taxing and spending decisions of state and local governments. Fifth, some economists are concerned that expansionary fiscal policy that requires the Federal government to borrow money will raise interest rates and crowd out investment spending, thus reducing 205 Chapter 12 the expansionary effect of the fiscal policy. Sixth, there are complications arising from the connection of the domestic economy to the world economy.Aggregate demand shocks from abroad or a net export effect may increase or decrease the effectiveness of a given fiscal policy. [text: E pp. 223-225; MA pp. 223-225] New 22. Explain the six problems, criticisms, or complications th at arise in the implementation of fiscal policy. First there is a timing problem. Three lags are identified under the â€Å"timing problem† category. There is a lag in recognizing the phase of the business cycle; there is an administrative lag in deciding which policies to follow; there is an operational lag in terms of the impact of the policy once it is implemented.Second, there are political considerations in the adoption of fiscal policy. There is some evidence of a political business cycle where particular expansionary policies are followed in election years whether or not economic conditions merit them. Third, there is an expectations complication. If businesses and households expect that the fiscal policy will be reversed in the future, they may not change their behavior in the way that would be expected if the fiscal policy was permanent.Fourth, the taxing and spending decisions of state and local governments may counteract or reduce the effectiveness of fiscal policy decisions at the federal level. The U. S. government may enact an expansionary fiscal policy by increasing its budget deficit, but state and local governments often have to balance a budget and economic conditions may force them to adopt a contractionary policy that partially offset what the federal government is seeking to achieve.Fifth, there is concern about possible offsetting effects of government borrowing crowding out private spending that would occur in the absence of the government deficit; and an offsetting net export effect which partly counteracts expansionary policy or contractionary policy. Sixth, there are complications to domestic fiscal policy from the national economy’s connection to the world economy. Economic shock from abroad can have an effect on the nation’s imports and exports. The net export effect can reduce the intended effects of fiscal policy. text: E pp. 223-226; MA pp. 223-226] New 23. Explain the problems giving rise to this statement: â€Å"You would think the government would want to do something to improve economic conditions when the economy is in trouble, but the government is slow to act. † Fiscal policy is subject to timing problems. There are three timing lags that limit the speed with which fiscal policy can be enacted and effective. First, there is a lag in recognizing the phase of the business cycle to determine when the government might want to provide help.Second, there is an administrative lag in decision-making that involves deciding which specific policies should be adopted. Third, there is an operational lag because the adoption of policies takes time to have an effect on output and employment. [text: E p. 223; MA p. 223] New 24. How do expectations about the future by households and businesses affect the effectiveness of fiscal policy? Cite examples. If households or businesses expect that the fiscal policy changes are only temporary, they may not change their behavior in the expected way. For example, if tax cuts are enacted to stimulate consumer spending, some consumers may not change their 206 Fiscal Policy spending habits if they think the tax change is only temporary. In the future, they will have to pay more in taxes, so they might increase their saving. Similarly, businesses may not invest in new plants and equipment if they get a tax cut, if they expect taxes in the future to rise or the fiscal policy to be ineffective. [text: E pp. 223-224; MA pp. 223-224] 25. â€Å"If economic forecasting was a more exact science, the business cycle could be entirely corrected by fiscal measures. Do you agree? Exact forecasting, if possible, would still not solve all of the problems encountered in trying to correct the business cycle. There is also the problem of timing the enactment and application of fiscal policy, not to mention the coordination of monetary policy and international economic policies, or reduced private spending (â€Å"crowding out†). [text: E pp. 223-225; MA pp. 223-225] 26. Explain the crowding-out effect. The crowding-out effect is the notion that government borrowing to finance a deficit may crowd out or reduce private borrowing.To the extent that this occurs, the expansionary impact of fiscal policy is reduced because increased demand by the government is partially offset by reduced demand in private investment. [text: E pp. 224-225; MA pp. 224-225] 27. Using the below graph, illustrate the possible impact of a crowding-out effect of a fiscal policy by drawing in the relevant aggregate demand shifts. Label and explain any shifts in the demand curve shown. Expansionary fiscal policy increases demand from AD1 to AD2, but this crowds out some private investment spending that offsets the increase to some extent causing AD2 to decrease to AD3.See graph below. [text: E pp. 224-225; MA pp. 224-225] 28. Explain how the net-export effect would reduce the effectiveness of fiscal policy. 207 Chapter 12 If an expansionary fiscal pol icy brings with it higher interest rates, this could increase the demand for American dollars by foreign investors seeking to earn the higher U. S. returns. This appreciation of the dollar makes U. S. goods and services more expensive to foreigners and foreign imports less expensive to Americans. The net export category of ggregate demand will be reduced which would reduce the impact of expansionary fiscal policy. A contractionary fiscal policy could have the opposite effect causing net exports to increase that again reduces the desired effect of the contractionary fiscal policy. [text: E pp. 225-226; MA pp. 225-226] New 29. What fiscal policy is most likely to be invoked during a period of recession and high unemployment? A period of rapid inflation? What political, investment, and international problems might the U. S. Congress encounter in enacting these policies and putting them into effect?During recession and high unemployment, the government would most likely initiate an expa nsionary fiscal policy. A contractionary fiscal policy would most likely be called for during a period of rapid inflation, especially if it seems to be demand-pull inflation. Several problems are likely to arise in enacting either of these policies. Timing lags in recognition, implementation, and impact are one concern. Another has to do with political realities. A contractionary policy has many unpopular aspects to it because it calls for raising taxes and for cutting government spending.There are also unique problems associated with expansionary policy: crowding out is one potential result that would reduce the expansionary effect of the policy. In both cases, the net-export part of aggregate demand is likely to move in a direction that would tend to offset the policy. [text: E pp. 223-226; MA pp. 223-226] 30. (Last Word) What is the purpose of the Conference Board’s index of leading economic indicators? The index of leading indicators is a monthly index of economic statist ics that are used to forecast the direction of real GDP.Changes in the index provide an indication of the future direction of the economy and are useful to policy makers in developing responses to deteriorating conditions in the economy. The rule of thumb is that three successive decreases or increases in the index indicate a change of direction in the economy. [text: E p. 227; MA p. 227] 31. (Last Word) Why is the index of leading economic indicators a composite index of ten economic statistics and not just one? Each of the economic statistics used to prepare the index may increase or decrease in any month and thus give false or contradictory signals about the direction of the economy.It is less likely that all these economic indicators, taken together, will give as many false signals about the direction of the economy as one indicator will. Thus the composite index is more reliable than any one indicator. The composite index, however, is not infallible and can also give false indi cations about the direction of the economy because of changes in the structure of the economy or developments that are not covered by the indicators that make up the index. [text: E p. 227; MA p. 227] 208

How Cleanliness Affects the Life of an Individual Essay

The significance of cleanliness and hygiene cannot be overlooked by any society. Every faith and civilisation stresses the importance of cleanliness. Historically, cleanliness has been considered one of the important factors by which to judge a civilisation’s or society’s development. Islam places great emphasis on cleanliness and purity, both physically and spiritually. In Islam, spiritual purity is linked to physical cleanliness and purity. More impor tantly, cleanliness is termed an indispensable fundamental of faith. However, this fundamental and powerful tenet of our faith, unfortunately, is not reflected in our society practically. Serious reflection is required on our individual as well as collective practices in order to make this valuable principle of Islam part of our lives. There are many verses in the Holy Quran which reflect the importance of cleanliness. For example, Allah says â€Å"†¦Truly, Allah loves those who turn to Him constantly and He loves those who keep themselves pure and clean† (2:222). In the Quran worship and seeking Allah’s love is conditioned with cleanliness and purity as the Holy Book says â€Å"†¦In it [mosque] are men who love to clean and to purify themselves. And Allah loves those who make themselves clean and pure† (9:108). Furthermore, in one of his sayings the Holy Prophet (PBUH) has termed cleanliness as half of faith. The above few examples from the Holy Quran and sayings of the Holy Prophet reveal that without cleanliness of our body and environment, one cannot receive the proximity of Allah spiritually and most importantly, faith cannot be completed in the absence of cleanliness and purity. Much is said rhetorically about cleanliness in our society but practically its application is missing. A quick observation can reveal how insensitive a culture we have developed regarding cleanliness and hygiene. Throwing garbage in the streets, roads or parks has become a common practice in our society. In public places dustbins are seldom found. Even if dustbins are installed, people do not use them properly. Rather, they prefer to throw garbage outside them. It is also observed that people clean their homes and shops and throw the garbage on the street without considering its implications. It is evident that even students of elite schools throw garbage on the ground even in the presence of garbage bins. This shows our attitude towards cleanliness and hygiene. Another habit that is commonly found in our society is spitting openly. People spit paan from running vehicles without considering the pedestrians walking on the road. This practice not only affects the environment but is also an eyesore. Another area that needs consideration is the horrible condition of public toilets. The shortage of public toilets is a big challenge, hence people are compelled to use open spaces to answer the call of nature. The toilets that do exist are in such pathetic condition that one cannot use them. There are many other examples which can be cited to indicate the pathetic condition of cleanliness and hygiene in our society. Hence, conscious efforts are needed to tackle this issue. There is a dire need to educate and sensitise people about the importance of cleanliness in light of our faith. In this regard social institutions such as educational institutions, the media and religious institutions can play a vital role. It is essential to provide civic education in order to train the younger generations of a society. In Pakistan, the education system needs to transform its practices. Teaching and learning material regarding cleanliness and hygiene should be included in the curriculum and textbooks. Educational institutions should demonstrate cleanliness in their premises. To train young people schools should involve students in cleaning their schools, homes and environment and highlight proper sanitary practices. The use of dustbins should be strictly followed in the school premises. Secondly, the media can be a powerful source to educate and sensitise the masses about the importance of cleanliness and disadvantages of an unhygienic way of life. It should focus on both the good as well as unhygienic practices in our society. Thirdly, religious institutions such as mosques and madressahs can also play their part in educating the people about the importance of cleanliness in the light of Islamic teachings. Furthermore, the role and commitment of the government cannot be overlooked in maintaining cleanliness and hygiene in society. The government’s will is very crucial in making policies and implementing them at the grass-roots level. The government can play an important role in cleaning areas, installing dustbins, collecting garbage and enforcing laws against littering etc. The importance of cleanliness cannot be ignored in individual as well as communal life. On one hand it is an important factor for human health and spiritual development; on the other hand it is essential for environmental development. By adopting a clean and hygienic lifestyle, a valuable amount can also be saved where health issues are concerned. A clean and healthy life helps in refining the culture of a society and reflects in every aspect of life such as art, architecture, food, music and so on. Ultimately, it leads towards a higher level of civilisation. Islam has put unique emphasis on the importance of cleanliness by making it a part of faith. Hence, there is a dire need to make conscious efforts in educating the people about the importance of cleanliness. In this regard, serious steps are required at multiple levels to make this precious value of our faith part of our individual and collective lives. Cleanliness  is both the  abstract  state of being clean and free from  dirt, and the process of achieving and maintaining that state. Cleanliness may be endowed with a moral quality, as indicated by the  aphorism  Ã¢â‚¬Å"cleanliness is next to  godliness,†[1]  and may be regarded as contributing to other ideals such as  health  andbeauty. In emphasizing an ongoing procedure or set of habits for the purpose of maintenance and prevention, the concept of cleanliness differs from  purity[disambiguation needed], which is a physical, moral, or ritual state of freedom from pollutants. Whereas purity is usually a quality of an individual or substance, cleanliness has a social dimension, or implies a system of interactions. [2]  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Cleanliness,† observed  Jacob Burckhardt, â€Å"is indispensable to our modern notion of social perfection. â€Å"[3]  A household or workplace may be said to exhibit cleanliness, but not ordinarily purity; cleanliness also would be a characteristic of the people who maintain cleanness or prevent dirtying. On a practical level, cleanliness is thus related to  hygiene  and disease prevention. Washing  is one way of achieving physical cleanliness, usually with  water  and often some kind of  soap  ordetergent. Procedures of cleanliness are of utmost importance in many forms of manufacturing. As an assertion of moral superiority or respectability, cleanliness has played a role in establishing cultural values in relation to  social class,  humanitarianism, and  cultural imperialism.

Mr aaban Essay

An employee’s contract of employment may be terminated by either the employer or the employer or the employee giving the notice required by the applicable award or the industrial Relation act 1990. Where the prescribed notice is not given, the employee shall be paid wages in lieu of notice, or the employer may withhold wages due to the employee. Part 2 Notwithstanding Part 1 above, where any employee is guilty of misconduct, the contract of employment may be terminated instantaneously. Where it is alleged that an employee is guilty of misconduct, the employee shall be provided with details of the allegation/s and be given a reasonable opportunity to respond to allegations prior to a decisions being made to either terminate the employment or to issue a written warning. Part 3 where it is alleged that an employee’s capacity or performance is unsatisfactory, then the following procedure should be followed. The existence of this procedure shall not prevent an employee being dismissed in accordance with part 2 above. The initial discussion and direction will be provided on an informal basis by Business manager of other authorised person. If the problem/s persist the Business manager to other authorised person will discuss with employee. 1. the matter/s of concern; 2. action necessary to resolve the concerns; and 3. a timetable for improvement to be evidence. input including explanations will be sought from the employee. As a result of this discussion the Business manager or other authorised person will notify the employee in writing regarding those matters in question discussed per clause 3. 5 above The notice will detail; 1 the matter/s of concern; 2. actions necessary to resolve the concerns; 3. a timetable for improvement to be evidenced. This notice will be signed and confirmed by the employee to recorded the discussion (3) above. of there is a disagreement as to the content of the notice the employee shall have the opportunity for their view to be placed on the record. Appropriate monitoring and counselling shall then be provided to the employee by the business manager or other authorised person. part 4 at any meeting or discussion forming part of the process in part2 or 3, the employee nay be accompanied by a union representative or other person of the employee’s choosing. Macville Private Incident Hazard Form Incident/ Hazard Report Form Given Name: John Family name: Dawson Position Title: Equipment Assistant International? Yes No Visiting Student Agency Personnel Visitor Contractor Employee number/ Student ID : s654 Address: 57 Mitford Crescent Craigieburn Division: 50 Management Unit: 15 TAFE Unit/ Sub Management Unit: 20 DOB: 02/06/1985 Gender: M F Contact details: 86557342 Have you reported this to your Team Leader/ Manager? Yes No Date 15/08/2012 notified Yes Name ( please Print): Matthew Contact: 0432654678 Macville Private Questions and Answers for Incident Hazard Form Question1. Feed back for the use of Templates: Answer: For Incident Hazard form we got feedback from the employees and management committee so made some changes in it. In incident hazard form we got the feedback from employee suggested that we need to add more question in section 2 details of incident. Rest of the format for this template was achieved good response from all of them. Question 2. Change in template after feedback Answer: According to the feedback on the use of template we made some changes in for example we add some more question regarding the incident so we after giving the answer to those question we have more information what actually happened. Question 3. How to provide information for document Answer: We can use Meta tag which is primary used to help search engines better index a document by supplying additional information about the document. Question4 : Which particular section of the form should prior check the form? Answer: In incident hazard form first check the details of the person to check they are appropriate and then check the details of the incidents what actually happened. Question 5: which software used to make forms for example? Answer: For Incident Form we used software Microsoft word. Macville Private Question and answer for Performance Development form Question1 : Feedback for the use of Templates Answer: Fro the Professional development form we got feedback from the employees and management committee so made some changes in it. First of all we just asked in the form for professional goals then they suggested that if we achieved good response from all of them. Question2. Change in template after feedback Answer: According to the feedback on the use of template we made some changes in for example we made another column of personal goals in professional development form so we can achieve both goal employee’s personal and professional Question3 : How to provide information for document Answer: We can use Meta tag which is primarily used to help search engines better index a document by supplying additional information about the document. Question4: Which particular section of the form should prior check the form Answer: In Performance development form all the sections are important but firstly we will check the Name of the person and date of reviewed and there goals. Question5: Provide clear instruction for the use of all three forms. Answer: Development form is a really good way to know the employee’s work performance that how the employee is doing the job and what he/she want to achieve from doing that job and what/where they can do best in the future for the organisation to achieve their target’s and mission.

Beethoven Research Paper Essay

While many men and women throughout history have made significant, valuable and lasting contributions to society, Ludwig Van Beethoven is an especially remarkable figure worthy of special note because he embraced and devoted his whole life to music. Born to a drunkard father and an unhappy mother, the young Beethoven was exposed to a brutal training in music at the hands of his father, who hoped that the young boy would prove to be another prodigy like Mozart. Ludwig Van Beethoven’s music set the 18th century Traditions and were shaped and molded because of the great composers Mozart and Haydn, who taught and raised him up in his musical capabilities (Ludwig Beethoven). Beethoven’s success was measured by his devotion, Beethoven dropped out of grade school by the age of ten to study music full time with Christian Gottlob Neefe. March 26, 1778 Beethoven performed his first piano recital at the age of seven; at the twelve years of age Beethoven published his first composition made up of Piano Variations (Ludwig Beethoven). Throughout the years Beethoven began to experiment with different styles and genres of music, the styles changes can be heard in his symphonies, String quartets, and Piano Sonatas. At a young age Beethoven requested to be an assistant court organist, because of his young age Court officials were hesitant but accepted him (Ludwig Van Beethoven). Through his young years of his life, it is clearly evident to how devoted and passionate he was when it came to music. Through the musical years and compositions of Ludwig Van Beethoven, Beethoven gave opening to his own dramatic musical voice. Through Beethoven’s adulthood he faced many trials and tribulations. But Beethoven always used his problems as a stepping stool to become stronger and better at whatever he did, and at the same time he was composing his great and memorable works, Beethoven was struggling with the fact that he was going deaf (Ludwig Van Beethoven). In 1801 Beethoven confessed this horrible news to Franz Wegeler, a German physician from Bonn, German; the same place Beethoven was born. He wrote, â€Å"I must confess that I lead a miserable life for almost two years. I have ceased to attend any social functions, just because I find it impossible to say to people: I am deaf. If I had any other profession, I might be able to cope with my infirmity; but in my profession it is a terrible handicap† (Ludwig Van Beethoven). Miraculously, despite his increasing deafness, Beethoven continued to compose. From 1803-1812, these years are what is known as his â€Å"heroic† period (Ludwig Van Beethoven). He created so much music, proving people nothing could stop him. He composed an opera, 6 symphonies, 4 solo concerti, 5 string quartets, 6 string sonatas, 7 piano sonatas, 5 sets of piano variations, 4 overtures, 4 trios, 7 sextets, and 72 songs (Beethoven, Ludwig van). Despite his amazing output of beautiful music, Beethoven was lonely and always miserable throughout his adulthood. Beethoven never married or had children (Beethoven, Ludwig van) and somehow, despite his wild personal life, physical disability, and complete deafness, Beethoven composed his greatest music. String quartet NO. 14 contains 7 linked movements without a break (Ludwig Beethoven). Beethoven’s adulthood was a crazy rollercoaster but in everything he did, he was always dedicated and did everything whole-heartedly. A quote by Liszt, the Arch Romantic, perfectly sums the impact and importance of Ludwig Van Beethoven to not only the music community but also to the history of music itself. â€Å"To us musicians the work of Beethoven parallels the pillars of smoke and fire which led the Israelites throughout the desert, a pillar of smoke to lead us by day, and a pillar of fire to light the night. His darkness and his light equally trace for us the road we must follow, both the one and other are a perpetual commandment and an intolerable revolution.† Works Cited: â€Å"Beethoven, Ludwig van.† Pbs. Feb 17 2013, 8:00 http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/education/beethoven.html â€Å"Ludwig Beethoven.† 2013. The Biography Channel website. Feb 15 2013, 12:05 http://www.biography.com/people/ludwig-van-beethoven-9204862. â€Å"Ludwig Van Beethoven.† Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. [pic]

Summary of Recent Research 8 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary of Recent Research 8 - Assignment Example history, ulcer history, physical activities, the nutritional preventive measures and the psychosocial measures applied during their illness was collected. The findings indicated that preventive activities coupled with social support prevented the recurrence of the leg ulcer (Finlayson, Edwards & Courtney, 2011). Multiple regression models were applied, where the survival analysis technique was applied to elicit the relationship between the preventive activities and the social support offered, to the survival and non-recurrence of the leg ulcer in the individuals. This was followed by the application of the Cox proportional-hazards regression model, which evaluated the influence of preventive activities and the psychosocial factors on time lapse before the recurrence (Berger, Shuster & Roenn, 2006). The findings of the study is statistically significant, since they indicated the out of the 80 individuals who participated, 35 of them had an ulcer recurrence, with 22 of them being those who lacked adequate preventive practices and social support (Alexander & Matthews, 2010). Finlayson, K., Edwards, H. & Courtney, M. (2011) Relationships between preventive activities, psychosocial factors and recurrence of venous leg ulcers: a prospective study. Journal of Advanced Nursing 67(10),

Managing entrepreneurially Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing entrepreneurially - Essay Example In the use of entrepreneurship skills in management, maximization on the available resources is usually the highest priority to increase the level of output in a firm, without incurring additional costs both financially and through labor. As per the definition of entrepreneurial management, an entrepreneur is a good manager who assumes all the risks of a business by taking control of the company, as well as its goals and direction. The entrepreneurship model of management is made up of six different styles that are generated from a combination of one or more styles, but all aim at the earlier mentioned goals of effectiveness and independence. The first style is the classic and is more of a traditional entrepreneurial management style based on monitoring and supervision (Roslan et al 91). With this in mind, all hired personnel are monitored and supervised on a personal level, where personal refers to the manager taking the role of supervisor. This style also focuses on lack of delegat ion of responsibilities in the firm all thanks to the personal nature or attachment of the manager to the firm in taking the lead to oversee everything personally. The down side to this style lies in the failure to delegate duties and responsibilities due to the neurotic urge to do everything by oneself, which is more of a negative way to run a firm. The style is reformed by defining that which can be delegated and that which cannot, in order to create a convention on that which is right and wrong in running of the firm in relation to effectiveness. However, due to the common belief that this style uses team management, businesses often become too complicated to be run by the entrepreneur using this style; thus the inclusion of managers from outside to run the business. Still, due to the lack of trust in the delegation of responsibilities to subordinates and other members of staff, there is usually conflict in the running of the firm, as the leader needs to be in control. This is co ncerning running and supervising everything personally, which leads to over regulation what the managers are supposed t do for the development of the firm. As a result, it disillusions the subordinates and the firm is left without members of staff since they cannot handle the occurrence of such events on a regular basis as it appears disrespectful to the members of staff by subjecting them to some of the responsibilities that one cannot handle on his or her own. To correct the situation of the classic style of leadership with its down sides, to is crucial to identify the role of one’s leadership in relation to one’s ability to delegate. Therefore, when one cannot delegate effectively, it is crucial to keep the complexity of the business to a minimum in order to eliminate the need for managers and disillusionment of subordinates. The second style is the coordinator, which is an alternative to the classic method in that it takes the recommendations of reforming the class ic to mind. A firm can be easily run with a very limited number of employees together with the leader, where the role of the leader revolves around organization. In this case, entrepreneurial management involves the leader verifying that everything is done in the form and that the firm is