The Centralized Manager Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Centralized Manager - Research Paper Example Management is an important aspect of Public Administration and it is important that whoever holds such an important position should abide by the principles of workmanship. Good public administration practices ensure that performance of employees as well as effective management practices. Managers should differentiate between management and leadership because they are supposed to be applied at different times and when situations call for either. In the case study, Suha’s situation in the Information Technology department during her placement at ADNOC will be analyzed. The manager of the IT Division Dr. Ahmed rendered his junior colleagues useless as he built a tough relationship with other employees considering that he was applying unprofessional practices toward them. His behavior was toxic, and as such, he led to certain trustable and dedicated employees leave ADNOC. The situation that escalated because of Ahmed led to the loss of important members who had great vision for th e company. This means that poor management do have considerable effects on the performance of staff as well as their relationship with work. In this case study, the paper will analyze the reasons behind Suha, Abdulrahman, and Dania leaving the organization though they were still young and energetic. What was the problem? Was it them or management? That is something the paper will help use find out. The Organization Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) is one that was established in the United Arab Emirates as the maiden government-owned company. It is specialized in distribution and marketing of petroleum products with the UAE. As among the largest companies in the Gulf region dealing in petroleum, it operates within a large network of service area and convenient stores. The company’s service stations have the most advanced technology such as vacuuming and automated car wash, repair of tyre and lube services. The company also has auto car services which are found in Al Ain, Northern Emirates, Abu Dhabi, and Western Region. The company has different departments and divisions with each having clear roles and responsibilities. With respect to the case study, the main focus will be on the IT department headed by Dr. Ahmed. The IT Division at ADNOC has a distinct structure consisting of four different departments. IT Division Manager Office Administrator Application System Department Data Center and Network Technical Support IT Quality and Control The Organizational Structure and Staff The first important person in the organization is Dr. Ahmed, an Algerian who is 45 years old and has been a manager in the IT department in ADNOC Distribution for about 17 years. Having done his BSc in Engineering from Salford in Manchester, an MSc in Computer Based Design, and PhD in Computer Control and Simulation from University of Leeds, Ahmed had a wealth of experience from reputable institutions and a real professional in that regard. The experience means that he has e verything needed to move the company forward when surrounded by young, energetic, and ambitious IT specialists. Ahmed had a large window that faces the corridor, he never closed that curtains Ahmed sat in a position where he could observe every movement made by every employee and ordered them to come to his office. This does not give freedom at work whatsoever; he was manhandling his juniors from time to time. He was that kind of a nosey manager who would want to know every move and make assumptions on every movement. In a working environment as busy as ADNOC Distribution, employees need not waste any time with certain questions even personal ones. Time is money and management is about saving the available time in pushing toward the goals of an organization. Being a chief gossiper in the office, he

Emotion Appeal Essay Example for Free

Emotion Appeal Essay The fallacy of ad hominem is an attack against the person of the one asserting a claim. The assumption made is that, as a consequence of the attack against the person, the claim made by such person is also false. 2. Ad hominem tu quoque This fallacy is possible to occur when a person made two inconsistent statements or a statement inconsistent with a prior action. It is assumed the claim later made is false because of the inconsistency without considering which or whether one of the two statements or actions made is really true. 3. Appeal to consequences of a belief Appeal to consequences of a belief makes the truth or falsity of a claim be based on the consequences that may occur if its truth or falsity is accepted. In this fallacy, if a claim will result to good consequences, it must be true and vice versa. 4. Appeal to authority Appeal to authority exists when a claim is asserted to be true based on the fact that it was made by an authority, who is in fact not an authority on that subject or is not qualified to make such claim. If the person to whom the claim is attributed is actually an authority or an expert, then there is no fallacy. 5. Appeal to emotion Appeal to emotion is the act of stirring one’s emotion to influence a person to accept that a claim is true. 6. Begging the question Begging the question is properly called as reasoning in circles. It involves a premise that contains an assumption that the conclusion is true, thus giving rise to a situation wherein the premise is used to support the truth of the conclusion while the conclusion is used to support the truth of the premise. 7. Confusing cause and effect This fallacy occurs when a person assumes one event to be the cause of another event just because these two events usually occur regularly together, when there may in fact be no justification or proof establishing such causal relation other than the fact that they often occur together. 8. Middle ground The fallacy assumes a position to be true just because it lies in the middle of the two extremes. 9. Red Herring This fallacy is used to direct the attention of the other person away of the main topic of the argument. The argument is diverted from the main issue to another issue which is not relevant, but s introduced under the guise of being relevant to the main issue. 10. Slippery slope This fallacy argues that one event will follow another event without giving a justification why. This usually occurs when the causation is too remote, such as when several other steps, which may not be inevitable, will have to follow before such claimed consequence may arise. 11. Straw man This fallacy occurs when a person attacks a distorted position of another person, as a consequence of which it is assumed that the real or original position is also falsified. 12. Who is to say? In this fallacy, a person asks the question â€Å"who is to say† or other similar questions, but already has a preconceived answer that no one is to say. As a consequence of this, it is accepted that the issue cannot be decided because no one is capable or qualified to decide on it.

How John Donne Showed His Love Essay -- essays research papers fc

How John Donne Showed his Love John Donne’s poetry has been both ridiculed and praised. One reason for the ridicule is due to the fact that many people believe his work is vulgar, and his discussion of sex may seem improper to some people. Even in this modern age some people may find it a bit offensive. You can imagine what people thought of it in the sixteenth century. His discussion of sex in this “disgusting'; manner is more obvious and prevalent in his early work, while he still had many female acquaintances and before he was settled down with his wife. Donne eloped with his underage lover Anne More which in itself was a scandalous event. Her father, Sir George More, objected to their marriage. Her father was so irritated he had John thrown in jail for marrying a minor without parental consent. Though the couple went through many hardships they loved each other very deeply (Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia). The words in Donne’s poetry after the marriage only proved that fact. After their marriage the words in his poetry showed a more emotional side of Doone, you could sense the feeling of true love through the words. The way he spoke about the love he and his wife shared during this time shows it was much more then just sexual, and the sex was much more meaningful. After the death of his wife in 1617, Donne was devastated and although he had already been involved in the church even becoming an ordained minister for the Church of England (Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia). His relationship with God became stronger almost as a replacement for his one true love Anne. At times in his poetry it is even difficult to tell if he is talking about God or his lover. Whether you think Donne’s poetry is perverted or not one can hardly call his work anything but genius. He is after all considered to be the leader of the metaphysical school of poets. As Herbert Grierson explains, Metaphysical Poetry “has been inspired by a philosophical conception of the universe and the rà ´le assigned to the human spirit in a great drama of existence'; (147-148). As Theodore Redpath illustrates “everywhere in the poems are to be found instances of rapid and ingenious thinking'; (223). The wording which he uses in his poetry can be some what difficult to comprehend at times. Once it is understood, his emotions and feelings... ...ertaining to his wife, he loved her deeply. I sincerely believe the poems were written for her. It is also possible that he had adulterous relationships, which he most likely did. He loved his wife nobody took her place. If he did have adulterous relationships it was just because they lusted each other and did not love each other. These adulterous relationships were entirely sexual. And that is what Bennett is trying to state. Nevertheless Donne’s poetry is very compelling, full of great metaphors and really gives youa sense what he is feeling. The feeling of love can be felt throughout, true love. Works Cited Bennett, Joan. “The Love Poetry of John Donne.'; Donne 178-194. Donne, John. John Donne’s Poetry: Authoritative Texts; criticism. Ed. Arthur L. Clements. 2nded. New York and London: Norton, 1992. Grierson, Herbert Sir. “Donne and Metaphysical Poetry.'; Donne 147-157. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1996 Grolier Interactive Inc. Microsoft Encarta 98 Encyclopedia, 1993-1997 Microsoft Company Online. Internet. 19 March 1999. http://www.ultranet.com/ rsarkiss/DONNE.HTM Redpath, Theodore. “The Songs and Sonnets.'; Donne 217-227.

Quiz: John Keats and Small Business Owners

Dashes Quiz (90%) 1. Hinduism–this is the major religion of India–developed over a period of many centuries. (B) 2. Ferrets can be delightful pets–when they want to be. (B) 3. â€Å"You have two choices,† he was told to fight and die or to live the life of a coward. (C) 4. Mayonnaise contains three things–egg yolks, vegetable oil, and vinegar. (A) 5. There were only two men who could match his strength and skill–Hercules and Achilles. (A) 6. Don't forget these ingredients in the wedding cake–one cup of patience, a spoonful of consideration, and a dash of forgiveness. A) 7. The baseball strike has caused all of us–especially the die-hard fans–to re-examine our priorities. (C) 8. From seashells, the natives made beautiful necklaces, bracelets, and earrings–even entire lines of jewelry. (B) 9. Jose's resume was impressive–he started work as a cashier in a computer store, advanced to manager, and eventually beca me a consultant for IBM. (C) 10. The Springfield orchestra ought to win the competition–their violin section is the best in the state. (C) 11. Ramona didn’t know–how could she? -that Alexis was already at the party. (B) 12. Grasping for an explanation, Sergei only managed to say, â€Å"I’m really sorry, but–. † (B) 13. Two years after being told by her boss that she did not have â€Å"what it takes,† Sonia had become a stockbroker–and a millionaire. (A) 14. City politicians–if not all politicians–should spend more time talking with small business owners. (C) 15. Many musicians who play the oboe also play–the English horn and oboe d’amore–double-reed instruments whose ranges are slightly lower. (A) 16.The dangers of the disease–its resistance to penicillin, its ability to avoid detection, and its transmissibility–should not be underestimated. (B) 17. The piano is an easy instrumen t to play–but a difficult one to play well. (C) 18. The computer has launched entire corporations–even empires–since its inception in the earlier part of the twentieth century. (B) 19. The hardships Ludwig van Beethoven had to overcome were considerable–several handicapped brothers and sisters, an abusive father, and the loss of his hearing at age twenty-nine. B) 20. Star Trek, The Twilight Zone, and The Outer Limits–he used to watch these shows into the early morning hours. (C) Quotation Marks (95%) 1. â€Å"Show me your friends,† my grandfather used to say, â€Å"and I'll tell you what I think of you. † (B) 2. On the first day of my Romantic Poetry class, the teacher stunned us by announcing, â€Å"I will now recite the most beautiful poem in the English language, ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn,’ by the English Romantic poet John Keats. † (B) 3.In her review of the film Mississippi Burning, Pauline Kael wrote, â€Å"Alan Parker likes to operate in a wildly dramatic universe of his own creation. † (C) 4. â€Å"Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary† is the first line of Poe's poem â€Å"The Raven. † (B) 5. One of the most famous newspaper headlines is â€Å"38 Who Saw Murder Didn't Call the Police. † (C) 6. On the topic of effort, P. D. James wrote, â€Å"God gives every bird his worm, but He does not throw it into the nest. † (C) 7. In his inaugural address, John F.Kennedy said, â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. † (B) 8. Joan said, â€Å"I could swear it was Mary Queen of Scots who proclaimed, ‘In my end is my beginning. ‘† (A) 9. You may prefer the Beatles' song â€Å"Yesterday,† but â€Å"Let It Be† is my favorite. (C) 10. In his lecture on dreams and mythology, Joseph Campbell wrote, â€Å"Dream is the personalized myth, myth the depersonalized dre am. † (A) 11. â€Å"There is no taking trout with dry breeches,† said Miguel de Cervantes when defining effort. C) 12. â€Å"You can hear the physicist Stephen Hawking's voice on the Pink Floyd song ‘Keep Talking',† said Rebecca. (B) 13. For your essay on Meso-American cultures, please consider the article â€Å"City of the Gods. † (C) 14. George said, â€Å"I was so shocked to hear Mrs. Edwards say, ‘Let's tango beneath the moonlight' that I stepped on my prom date's foot. † (A) 15. My friend Tom Jansen nervously read the newspaper headline, â€Å"Floods Force Dutch to Flee as Battered Dikes Begin to Fail. † (C) 16.My English teacher said, â€Å"Yogi Berra was grammatically incorrect when he said, ‘It ain't over 'til it's over,' but he surely was right. † (A) 17. Perhaps the most famous of all Star Trek episodes is â€Å"The City on the Edge of Forever,† which starred Joan Collins as a visionary social worker. (B) 18. â€Å"Dan Quayle Was Right,† by Barbara Dafoe Whitehead, appeared in the magazine The Atlantic Monthly in 1993. (C) 19. The words â€Å"discrete† and â€Å"discreet† are homonyms: they sound the same but have different meanings. † (A) 20. Most Americans don’t

Science Lab Report

Science Lab Report INTRODUCTION |NAME: LORRAINE |LAB PARTNER: KAREN HO | |LAB EXPERIMENT: TESTING OSMOSIS WITH A POTATO |LAB DATE: NOV. 23rd / 2012 | |CLASS: Y-11-C |PERIOD:C | OBJECTIVE The weight of the potato slices will increase, decrease, or remain the same? HYPOTHESIS There will be no net movement of water molecules into or out of the potato. MATERIALS LIST Large potato | |Cutters (in the shape of a fish) | |3 small beakers or clear dishes | |3 glass covers | |Sucrose solution | |Salt | |Distilled water | |Paper towel | pic] PROCEDURE 1. Add 200ml of distilled water, 40ml sucrose solution and 5g salt into three beakers respectively. Record the solutions concentrations, volumes, and weights. ?Use a cutter to cut the potato to the similar size. Record the weight of pieces potato. ?Put the three potatoes slice into each beaker. Cover the beakers with glass covers and leave them for 48 hours. ?Carefully remove the potato slices from the distilled water solution & pat it dry on a paper towel. Weight the potato slices immediately.Record the final weight of the pieces. ?Clean up the equipment & area and return materials to their proper place. DATA AND/OR OBSERVATIONS |Potato slices weight (Before)|Material | Distilled water |Potato slices weight (After) | | | |(Quantitative) | | |? 21g |Sucrose solution 40ml |200ml |21. 5g | |? 2g |X |200ml |23g | |? 21g |Salt 5g |200ml |20g | USE TIME: 48 hours RESULTS We can Observe that the slice placed in salt is very flexible, while the slice placed in sucrose solution is flexible, but less so. Since potatoes already have sugar, less water will diffuse out of the potato placed in sucrose solution water.The slice placed in water will be rigid, since it will absorb water. ANALYSIS ERROR ? The glass can not cover the beakers well, so the data value that we got was too close. ?We used a big size of cylinder (500ml) to measure the sucrose solution and distilled water. |150ml water ; potato weight (before/after) 20g /24g | | 150ml water ; potato weight (before/after) 20g/13. 5g | |(^ with 15g salt) |I compared with Evan’s group, our results roughly the same. CONCLUSION The water molecules move towards higher concentrations of the solution. That means that if the water outside the cell is saltier than the water inside, water will move from the inside of the cell to the outside. As the water left the cell it was much like letting the air out of a balloon. As more and more of the cells lost water, the slice of potato became soft and flexible. (the potato in water with sucrose solution just on the contrary. )

Toolkit for Conflict Management

Toolkit for Conflict Management Change is the process of improving the organizations processes and employees performance with the intention of increasing productivity. Change creates an impact on employees work processes behaviors and motivation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Toolkit for Conflict Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bradford and Burke (2005) suggest that it is the management’s duty to assess employee’s reactions, and introduce change techniques to help in the process. However, there are cases where conflicts occur as the employees undergo through the change process. The reasons may be due to fear of the unknown, fear of failure, and loss of power. Tools and techniques for effective change help in addressing conflicts at each stage of change. When mangers are planning for change, they are supposed to raise awareness of the need for change so that they can create a desire among the employees. The change managem ent team must come up with a plan to communicate to those employees affected by change, starting with supervisors and middle level managers because they will be able to convince other employees. After the informing employees about change, the management should plan on training. Training on new skills will give confidence to the employees. The training should be based on knowledge, skills and behaviors of the employees. It will help in minimizing conflicts because they will have confidence in applying their new skills. Response is also important after the employees have tried their new skills during implementation process because it will determine whether the employees have accepted the new process. Their opinion should be reviewed and the corrective action taken. Likewise, observation of how well the employees are performing is essential. Those who perform well should be complimented and sometimes rewarded to increase on employee’s acceptance to change. Furthermore, Evaluatio n of the change process is important in determining whether it is in line with the organizations objectives. Process Intervention Tools used in Change Management According to Balkin (2008), the process of change is subject to many conflicts as it goes through all the processes with the employees either adjusting to the new system or resisting it.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The management should use some tools to make sure that the new change of activities are accepted, and this will be so if the management holds regular meetings to communicate to the employees about the current status of activities. Also, with the use of suggestion boxes, the employees are able to write down their views and ideas on the adjustment during the process of change. The managers involved in the change process should write down the procedures required and distribute them among employ ees so that everybody gets ready for change, and incase of new changes, redistribution is important. Consequently, the managers should improve interpersonal communication through small groups guided by representatives so that the employees can communicate their expectations. Observation of how the change is taking effect and observing how the employees are performing is most important because it will determine whether the change has been successful. Furthermore, interviewing the users is also important because they will be able to tell the management on the complex processes. In every process of change, feedback from the employees is important because the management will identify the individuals who are positive about the change and those who are negative. Those with negativity are retrained until they get it right (Hersey, Blanchard, Johnson, 2008). Therefore, because an organizations objective is to have maximum profits, it is essential for the management to have a successful cha nge process with proper training and use of different tools to minimize conflicts that arise in the change process. References Balkin, D. B. (2008). Management: People, Performance, Change (3rd ed.). New York McGraw Hill. Bradford, D. L. Burke, W. W (2005), Reinventing Organization Development (eds). San Francisco: Pfeiffer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Toolkit for Conflict Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hersey, P., Blanchard, K., Johnson, D. (2008). Management of Organizational Behavior. Leading Human Resources (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Definite Articles Il and Lo in Early Italian

Definite Articles Il and Lo in Early Italian In early Italian, the use of various forms of the definite article was a little different than today. The form lo was more frequent than in modern Italian, and it was also used in many cases in which il was subsequently called for. Today,  lo precedes nouns beginning with s impura (s consonant), (lo Stato), z (lo zio), gn (lo gnomo), sc (lo sciocco), pn (lo pneumatico), ps (lo psicologo), x (lo xilofono), and with i semiconsonantica (semivowel i) (lo iodio). All other masculine nouns starting with a consonant are preceded by the article il. In early Italian, however, the form il could only be used after a word ending in a vowel and before a word beginning with a consonante semplice (simple consonant). In those cases, it could also occur in the reduced form l. Here are two examples from Dantes Divine Comedy (more specifically from Inferno: Canto I: mavea di paura il cor compunto (verso 15);l, dove l sol tace (verso 60). However, the form lo can be used in both cases, given that the final sound of the previous words ends in vowels and the initial sounds of the next words end in simple consonants. In particular, the use of this form was mandatory at the beginning of a phrase. Here are some examples, again taken from Dantes Divine Comedy: si volse a retro a rimirar lo passo (Inferno: Canto I, verso 26);Tu se lo mio maestro (Inferno: Canto I, verso 85);Lo giorno se nandava (Inferno: Canto II, verso 1). The differences in the use of the articles lo and il could be summarized as follows: in early Italian, lo was used more frequently and could be used in all cases (even if il was expected). In modern Italian il is found more frequently, and unlike in early Italian, there is no overlap in the usage of the two articles. How Is Lo Used in Contemporary Italian? The early use of the article lo instead of il continues in contemporary Italian in adverbial phrases such as per lo pià ¹ (for the most part) and per lo meno (at least). Another form which still occurs today (but in very limited use), is the plural li. This form is sometimes found when indicating a date, especially in bureaucratic correspondence: Rovigo, li marzo 23 1995. Since li isnt an article recognized by most Italians today, it is not uncommon to see it misspelled with an accent, as if it were the adverb of place là ¬. Of course, when speaking one says Rovigo, il marzo 23 1995, while in general in correspondence it is preferred to write 23 marzo 1995 (without the article). In  Italian, the article, whether an  articolo  determinativo  (definite article), an  articolo  indeterminativo  (indefinite article), or an  articolo  partitivo  (partitive article), has no independent lexical meaning in a sentence. It serves in various ways, however, to define the  noun  it is associated with, and with which it must agree in gender and number. If the speaker wants to say something about a dog (for example), he must first specify whether the statement is intended to refer to all class members (Il cane à ¨ il  migliore  amico  delluomo.- Dog is mans best friend.) or a single individual (Marco ha un cane pezzato.- Mark has a spotted dog). The article, along with other parts of speech, for example,  aggettivi  dimostrativi  (questo  cane- this dog), (alcuni  cani- some dogs), or  aggettivi  qualificativi  ( un bel cane- a beautiful dog), performs the important function of determining the nominal group.

Using the Switch Statement for Multiple Choices in Java

Using the Switch Statement for Multiple Choices in Java If your Java program needs to make a choice between two or three actions, an if, then, else statement will suffice. However, the if, then, else statement begins to feel cumbersome when there are a number of choices a program might need to make. There are only so many else...if statements you want to add before the code begins to look untidy. When a decision across multiple options is required, use the switch statement. The Switch Statement A switch statement allows a program the ability to compare the value of an expression to a list of alternative values. For example, imagine you had a drop-down menu that contained the numbers 1 to 4. Depending on which number is chosen, you want your program to do something different: //lets say the user picks number 4int menuChoice 4;switch (menuChoice){ case 1: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, You chose number 1.); break; case 2: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, You chose number 2.); break; case 3: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, You chose number 3.); break; //This option gets chosen because the value 4 matches the value of //the menuChoise variablecase 4:Â  JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, You chose number 4.);Â  break; default: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, Something went wrong!); break;} If you look at the syntax of the switch statement you should notice a few things: 1. The variable containing the value that needs to be compared to is placed at the top, inside the brackets. 2. Each alternative option starts with a case label. The value to be compared against the top variable comes next, followed by a colon. For example, case 1: is the case label followed by the value 1 - it could just as easily be case 123: or case -9:. You can have as many alternative options as you need. 3. If you look at the above syntax, the fourth alternative option is highlighted - the case label, the code it executes (i.e., the JOptionPane) and a break statement. The break statement signals the end of the code that needs to be executed. If you look, youll see that every alternative option ends with a break statement. Its very important to remember to put in the break statement. Consider the following code: //lets say the user picks number 1int menuChoice 1;switch (menuChoice)case 1: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, You chose number 1.);case 2: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, You chose number 2.);break;case 3: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, You chose number 3.); break;case 4: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, You chose number 4.); break;default: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, Something went wrong!); break;} What you expect to happen is to see a dialog box saying You chose number 1, but because there is no break statement matching the first case label, the code in the second case label also gets executed. This means the next dialog box saying You chose number 2 will also appear. 4. There is a default label at the bottom of the switch statement. This is like a safety net in case none of the values of the case labels match the value being compared with it. Its very useful to provide a way of executing code when none of the desired options are chosen. If you always expect one of the other options to be chosen, then you can leave out the default label, but to put one at the end of every switch statement you create is a good habit to get into. It might seem unlikely that it will ever be used but mistakes can creep into the code and it can help to catch an error. Since JDK 7 One of the changes to the Java syntax with the release of JDK 7 is the ability to use Strings in switch statements. Being able to compare String values in a switch statement can be very handy: String name Bob;switch (name.toLowerCase()){ case joe: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, Good morning, Joe!); break; case michael: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, Hows it going, Michael?); break; case bob: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, Bob, my old friend!); break; case billy: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, Afternoon Billy, hows the kids?); break; default: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, Pleased to meet you, John Doe.); break;} When comparing two String values, it can be a lot easier if you make sure they are all in the same case. Using the .toLowerCase method means all the case label values can be in lowercase. Things to Remember About the Switch Statement The type of the variable to be compared against must be a char, byte, short, int, Character, Byte, Short, Integer, String, or enum type. The value next to the case label cannot be a variable. It has to be a constant expression (e.g., an int literal, a char literal). The values of the constant expressions across all the case labels must be different. The following would result in a compile-time error: switch (menuChoice){ case 323: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, You chose option 1.); break; case 323: JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, You chose option 2.); break; There can only be one default label in a switch statement. When using an object for the switch statement (e.g., String, Integer, Character) make sure it is not null. A null object will result in a runtime error when the switch statement is executed.

Energy politics and Security in Kazakhstan Essay

Energy politics and Security in Kazakhstan - Essay Example Energy Sector in Kazakhstan The infrastructure of energy production in Kazakhstan is underdeveloped as a result of being part of former Soviet Union which strived to â€Å"optimize energy supply within member states rather than to achieve self sufficiency in the energy supply of each member state†. Post independence Kazakhstan had to depend heavily on energy exports for economic development. However, this dependence on energy sector caused wide disparities of income between the rich and the poor. As part of solution, Kazakhstan is bringing the oil and gas sector under the ownership of the government (Doi, 2-3). Oil Industry Restrictions from Russia Kazakhstan faces a major problem regarding the full development of its oil export industry. The oil from this country can be exported only on routes through other countries. Currently, the only route that is economic and viable goes through Russia. Russia has however imposed partial restrictions through its Transneft pipeline system . One-third of Kazakhstan’s current oil export capacity cannot move through Russia. The oil industry of Russia has also demanded a share in the profit by 30 percent from all oil exporting countries in the former Soviet Republics. The development program for Tengiz field has been postponed because of such demands and restrictions imposed by Russia. There have been considerations of using pipelines of other countries like Iran and Russia, but they are politically unviable and will take a long time. Also, Turkey will not allow movement of larger number of oil tankers that are necessary for utilization of full export capacity of Kazakhstan. In addition, oil industry requires high amount of capital investment so positive results cannot be achieved in the short run (Office of Technology Assessment, 139). China as export route China lies in the eastern border of Kazakhstan and is a major market for its oil reserves. China has introduced a ‘non-commercial element’ in the field of oil export competition for Kazakhstan. In 2004, China constructed its first oil pipeline to encourage exports from other countries. In August, 2005, China signed a deal for acquiring PetroKazakhstan for the valuation of $4 billion. It is an oil company that is based in Canada and has all its activities within Kazakhstan. Since then China holds the second position of being the largest oil producer in Kazakhstan after the latter’s national oil company. With China as an oil export route, Kazakhstan has faced positive evolution in its oil industry as supply to the world market has increased (Committee on Foreign Relation, 44). Natural gas There has been a steady increase in the production of natural gas which has transformed Kazakhstan from net gas exporter to a net gas importer. Development in the natural gas sector has been lagging behind oil because of insufficient ‘domestic gas pipeline infrastructure’ that links the gas production countries in the West to industrial region in the East. Also, there have been insufficient export pipelines. This has been a major issue as Kazakhstan does not have access to seaports. However, in 2014 when Kazakhstan-China gas pipeline will be completed, gas can be transported to the industrial region of Kazakhstan. This will also enable Kazakhstan to export gas to other countries. China and Russia are the important export partners of

The Effects of Social Media on Employment Essay

The Effects of Social Media on Employment - Essay Example The report has considered reliable secondary data sources to analyze the gained data in order to meet the report objective. The report has summarized important facts that have come through data analysis in order to meet the developed assignment objective.As the discussion stresses social media can be defined as social interaction activities among individuals in which those individuals develop and share ideas and information in virtual networks and communities. Adoption and implementation of social media in business operation processes can be considered as an effective business strategy for the employers. Employers can identify right and appropriate talent for their organisations through the use of social media networking websites. On the other hand, several graduates and job seekers used to follow several leading social media networking sites and processes in order to get effective employment or job opportunity. Therefore, it can be stated that use of social media can obviously benef it both employees and employers in their employment activities.  It is true that several leading organisations around the globe are trying to capitalize on potential business opportunities that have been developed due to globalisation and technological advancements. Each and every leading domestic as well as international organisation is trying to develop and implement unique business operation strategies in order to gain potential competitive advantages over competitors.

Hilton Worldwide Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hilton Worldwide - Assignment Example The company has business operation in 88 countries through 3,800 hotels which offer 6301,000 rooms to its worldwide customers. The company dedicated to provide an exceptional experience to the millions of travellers stay every year with it different brands of hotels and resorts. Hilton Hotels and Resort is most important brand of Hilton Worldwide group which carry the brand recognition of the mother company Hilton Worldwide along with its own brand value. Hilton Hotels and Resort recognized as international hotel chain that includes many hotels and resort across the world. The brand has market presence in 540 locations in 78 countries. It provides contemporary and authentic hospitality services to the guests across the world. The core values and the USP this brand are thoughtful amenities, smart design; innovative dining options that makes this brand a global leader in the hospitality industry. The company has continuous focus on both the leisure travellers and business travellers in the locations where it presents. The company follows similar service design and locations in all the cities like it present near airports and major city centres in all the cities (Hilton Hotels $ Resorts, 2012). ... This journey of the company has been possible by the efficient and unique development strategies like the local know-how and field tested process that assists its business partners or the franchisee holders to effective develop and manage a business with global exposure and experiences. For developing a unique3 service design in all the properties i.e. hotels and resorts of it business partners, it assists to design, building, managing the property of the franchisee holders and other companies who wants to become a business partners and to gain global business experiences. The company is dedicated to provide all solutions to its business partners by its innovative expertise which has made this a leading brand in the worldwide hospitality industry. The company four different innovative divisions or group that has been simultaneously working together for development of this brand in terms of new franchisee acquisition in the different location of the world and they also provide all typ es of solution from construction of hotels and resorts to management services. These four efficient aspects of its total service to the business partners are performance advantage, architecture and construction, owner information services and Hilton management services. Performance advantage service is an innovative and integrated system which provides advanced technology and innovative solutions to the customers as well as the business partners. This service drives the business growth of this company through reduction of cost of cost services without hampering the quality the services it provides. Performance advantage services include seven different kind of innovative services which are Hilton HHonors, Hilton worldwide sales, reservation

Theory as Framework for Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Theory as Framework for Education - Essay Example just to deduce that the theories nursing theory provides ideas that support nursing research significant to nurses when incorporated in nursing education (Watson & Watson 2012). A useful nursing theory makes assumptions about health, behavior, target population, problem or an environment (De & Anderson 2008). Therefore, the useful nursing theory is characterized by logic, consistency with everyday observations, and support from previous research with related ideas and similarity of the situation to past situations (Watson & Watson 2012). Moreover, the theory must be able to improve the learners’ knowledge in the selected nursing area. Watson’s theory of human caring is a very useful theory in nursing education. The theory has abundant logic in its element of caring as it holds that the interpersonal relations of humans are the primary facets of caring (Watson & Watson 2012). Like most useful theories, the theory is based on the assumption that the standard and basis of nursing subsist in caring science as the basis of the nursing profession. The assumption is important through the connection it creates between the student and the patient (Watson & Watson 2012). Nevertheless, as the student has mentioned, the theory is based on ten creative aspects of every observation that supports nurses in their relationships with patients. To add on all that, Watson’s theory has support from previous research that shows that, to offer proper care to patients, nurses have to establish a relationship of care and love with the patients (Watson & Watson 2012). Therefore, Watson’s theory of human caring can ade quately guide nursing students in their interpersonal relationships with patients and care in addition to their knowledge (De & Anderson

Government Debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Government Debt - Essay Example External government debt refers to the aggregate funds collected from outside the country from foreign investors and governments. According to Gartner (2006, p. 68) the government will always sell its securities in the open market when it wants to raise funds from the investors. Key traded government securities in the open market include but not limited to treasury bills, notes and bonds (Snowdon & Vane (1997, p.103). Sovereign debt refers to government debt owed to investors mostly foreign in foreign currencies. Shone (1989, p. 119) states that Sovereign debts are normally used by the government when they are in need of large amount of money to carry out an expensive public project. Sovereign debt is considered risky owing to the fact that it is affected by fluctuation in currency and any default by the issuing company may translate to low credit rating and no further debt advancement as foreign investors will be scared away. Government bonds, which is the common form of raising rev enue from local investors in local currency is highly preferred by most government because it is not affected by the credit rating of the country (Miles & Scott 2005, p.19). It is unfortunate that the United Kingdom government debt has been growing at an alarming rate over the recent past. The global recession that began in 2008 has left several developed nation into huge debts. Carlin and Soskice (2006;101), asserts that the UK higher budget deficit can be attributed to the large government spending and low government revenue owing to loss of jobs and reduced spending. The UK society has been enjoying the deficit sending without a glimpse at its consequences. The United Kingdom debt which includes the aggregate amount of money owned by the central government in form of government bonds, sovereign bonds, Social Security trust fund, and accrued capital expenditure. Fiscal consolidation refers to the policies taken by the government to manage its debt and reduce its budget deficit. Fi scal consolidation policies vary from country to country depending on the financial objective of the government. Most countries are always caught up in dilemma when it comes to fiscal consolidation especially during recession. Most economies have been unstable since the beginning of recession as unemployment rate increases from time to time, key companies facing financial constraints and individuals losing mortgages and thus it becomes difficult for the government to decide whether to come up with economic stimulus or fiscal consolidation policies. For instance the UK government has been facing bulging public debt and budget deficit while the same time unemployment rate is escalating unprecedentedly. Tobin theory is a theory of investment behavior also renowned as Tonin’s Q Theory and denoted by letter â€Å"q†. This theory is used to determine the ratio of the companies issued shares (share capital) to the replacement cost associated with the assets of the company. Th ree significant situations are evident when relating the market value and the replacement cost and they include â€Å"q† being greater (q>1), lower (q

HR Alignment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

HR Alignment - Assignment Example What makes this leader successful is that when he took over his position, there was growth retardation issue with the organization. There was however a change agenda prepared by the past management to gain growth in a period of five years. Even though the Head of Corporate Affairs was not part of the drawing of the change agenda, he could put every needed resource together and organize the human resource he came to meet in such a way that in just three years, the five year growth plan was already yielding results. Based on the initiative taken by the leader and the approach used in achieving the success, there are three major lesson I have learnt about the most critical components of leading and implementing change. The first of this is a willpower, which acts as an intrinsic motivation for the person who is to effect the change. This is because even though the leader was not part of the proponents of the change, he had a very strong will to ensure that the goals set were achieved. The second is exemplary leadership. Very specifically about our leader, it was observed that he did not just on board to order others around. Rather, he would always take the lead in doing something, which made all others follow suit. Finally, the need to stick to plan is very necessary for any change agenda. The reason this is said is that at all times, the leader ensured that there was no deviation from what needed to be done. In the opinion of Denton (1996), change processes that are not implemented with much fo cus often fail because there is deviation into doing what is not originally part of the

Government Debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Government Debt - Essay Example External government debt refers to the aggregate funds collected from outside the country from foreign investors and governments. According to Gartner (2006, p. 68) the government will always sell its securities in the open market when it wants to raise funds from the investors. Key traded government securities in the open market include but not limited to treasury bills, notes and bonds (Snowdon & Vane (1997, p.103). Sovereign debt refers to government debt owed to investors mostly foreign in foreign currencies. Shone (1989, p. 119) states that Sovereign debts are normally used by the government when they are in need of large amount of money to carry out an expensive public project. Sovereign debt is considered risky owing to the fact that it is affected by fluctuation in currency and any default by the issuing company may translate to low credit rating and no further debt advancement as foreign investors will be scared away. Government bonds, which is the common form of raising rev enue from local investors in local currency is highly preferred by most government because it is not affected by the credit rating of the country (Miles & Scott 2005, p.19). It is unfortunate that the United Kingdom government debt has been growing at an alarming rate over the recent past. The global recession that began in 2008 has left several developed nation into huge debts. Carlin and Soskice (2006;101), asserts that the UK higher budget deficit can be attributed to the large government spending and low government revenue owing to loss of jobs and reduced spending. The UK society has been enjoying the deficit sending without a glimpse at its consequences. The United Kingdom debt which includes the aggregate amount of money owned by the central government in form of government bonds, sovereign bonds, Social Security trust fund, and accrued capital expenditure. Fiscal consolidation refers to the policies taken by the government to manage its debt and reduce its budget deficit. Fi scal consolidation policies vary from country to country depending on the financial objective of the government. Most countries are always caught up in dilemma when it comes to fiscal consolidation especially during recession. Most economies have been unstable since the beginning of recession as unemployment rate increases from time to time, key companies facing financial constraints and individuals losing mortgages and thus it becomes difficult for the government to decide whether to come up with economic stimulus or fiscal consolidation policies. For instance the UK government has been facing bulging public debt and budget deficit while the same time unemployment rate is escalating unprecedentedly. Tobin theory is a theory of investment behavior also renowned as Tonin’s Q Theory and denoted by letter â€Å"q†. This theory is used to determine the ratio of the companies issued shares (share capital) to the replacement cost associated with the assets of the company. Th ree significant situations are evident when relating the market value and the replacement cost and they include â€Å"q† being greater (q>1), lower (q

Corporate Organ in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Organ in China - Essay Example The PRC Company Law 2005 has enhanced corporate governance, transparency and minority shareholders protection. The terms and conditions for the establishment of the liability companies and joint stock limited entities have been softened. The Company Law 2005 has barred the directors and management of the limited company from the violation and contradiction of their official duties and responsibilities towards the company. According to the law, in case of any mismanagement or financial manipulation, it is the controlling shareholder, director or senior manager, who is personally responsible for their failure to handle conflict of interest situation. The approach has been responsible for the lifting of corporate veil. The directors of Chinese public listed companies have been barred from participation in any matter, which has direct relevance with tier authority, based on interest. The approved PRC Company Law has encouraged the accountability process, and has recommended strong action against the controlling shareholder, if found guilty of abusing the profits and benefits of limited liability. The previous PRC Company Law failed to protect the legitimate and financial interest of minority shareholders. ... In case 1 if the company disapproves the disposal of its major assets, or in case if the company is involved in any merger or acquisition deal, the minority shareholder has the right to pressurize the company for the purchase of their shares. The minority shareholder also has the legal authority to take judicial action against the directors, if the directors are involved in embezzlement of funds, or breach of fiduciary duties. The PRC Company Law has authorized the .3% of the total shareholders to request the Board of directors, and seek their opinion and consideration towards the submitted proposals and agenda. The shareholders also have the right to call upon Board of directors meeting in case of violation of an article or law is observed. The PRC Company has further authorized 10% of the shareholders to seek liquidation of the company through submission of a petition in People's Intermediate Court2. The shareholders have the right to access and secure company's corporate records, accounts and articles. Limited Liability Companies: Gains for Minority Shareholder The PRC Company Law has abolished the previously approved system, according to which the company intending to launch their subsidiary were to contribute 50% ceiling on such investment activities. The PRC Company Law has encouraged the companies to establish their subsidiaries unconditionally3. The company law has further encouraged the involvement and participation of the local shareholders by increasing the non cash contribution from 20% to 70%. Even those shareholders having intellectual property rights have the grant to contribute and participate in shares transaction. However condition has been

Group Dynamics Essay Example for Free

Group Dynamics Essay Trait approach- a trait is something we are born with. Certain characteristics have certain traits and these characteristics may make one player better suited to captaincy than another. Traits or personalities will affect performance and players in positive and negative ways. It can affect performance positively because if a person has a strong, slightly aggressive and determined personality then they can give the team an extra drive to win the game. However someone of this personality can get over aggressive if the team is losing therefore lowering other players morale and maybe causing arguments. Behavioural approach- this suggests that leaders display certain behaviours. This is different to trait in that behaviours are learnt rather than something we are born with. Players, managers and coaches who lack certain skills can watch others and pick up new skills and techniques. This will mostly have a strong positive affect on performance because if you are learning new skills then technically you are improving. On the other hand the new skills that are learned could not be very effective for a team/individuals style of play. Interactional approach- this combines trait and the environment influences. It looks at the need for different behaviour and leadership styles dependant on the characteristics of the group and the situation. If you have both type A and type B personalities on the pitch then this will have a positive affect on performance because you will have someone who can psych the team up and add some aggression to the team (type A) but you will also have someone who can clam things down and relax the team (type B). Stages of group development Forming- this is the development of relationships within the group. This usually involves a player assessing where they feel they fit into a group structure based on other players strengths and weaknesses. It also gives player the opportunity to see if the belong in that group. If a player fits into a team well it will have a positive affect on performance because it will raise the morale of both the individual and the team. However if the player finds that he/she isnt fitting into the team then their level of performance is likely to be low. Storming- sometimes involves conflict within the group as individuals attempt to establish their position and role in the group. It may involve confrontation between the leader and the player until different roles are established. This is more likely to have a positive affect on performance as players will be battling for positions therefore there will be a harder work rate from the team. On the other hand players may feel threatened and pressured by new players so they may be nervous in their performance incase they lose their position. * Norming- once the structure has been established the group gains stability and becomes cohesive. Players start co-operating and work towards their common goal. This is extremely positive on the teams performance because they are becoming more cohesive meaning that they will work better together and the team can become more successful. Performing- this is the final stage and involves all the players working together towards their common goal. Each individual accepts their role and supports other group members accordingly. Again this is very positive for the teams performance because by this stage the team will be both task cohesive and socially cohesive. It will bring great success to the team as players will be both mentally and physically prepared with each other.

Plasmodium falciparum: The Causative Agent of Malaria :: Essays Papers

Plasmodium falciparum: The Causative Agent of Malaria Introduction The protozoan Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for causing 500 million cases of malaria per year as well as 100-200 million deaths per year worldwide (Kuby, p438). The majority of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa, especially among malnourished children. Malaria is endemic in 92 countries, where 40% of the world’s population is at risk of the disease (WHO). Documentation of malaria occurs as far back as 4000BC, with mentions of the disease on clay tablets. The name of the disease originates from the late 1800’s and is derived from ‘mal aria,’ meaning bad air. There are four members of Plasmodium that cause malaria along with P. falciparum, with P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae (Schaechter, p450). P. falciparum is considered the most important as it is by far the most deadly species. The primary vector of P. falciparum is the female anopheline mosquito, which uses humans as a host for blood meals. The male anopheline feeds only on plant juices, and is not a competent vector for the disease. Humans compromise the only suitable reservoir in the enzootic cycle of the protozoa (Schaechter, p450). Both the P. falciparum and Anopheles gambiae genomic sequences have been recently published (Gardner et al. Holt et al. 2002), thus giving rise to invaluable tools in the development of new and much needed anti-malarial drugs and vaccines, as well as new targets in mosquito control. Encounter and Entry The female Anopheles interacts with the human host by piercing the host’s epithelium and releasing Plasmodium falciparum from its salivary glands into the human bloodstream while obtaining a blood meal. The form of P. falciparum injected into the human host is the sporozoite stage in the pathogen's life cycle (Kuby, Schaechter). As humans compromise the only competent reservoir for P. falciparum, the female Anopheles must have acquired the protozoan via blood meal from another infected human 9 to 17 days prior to being able to infect a new human host. Spread and Multiplication The sporozoites enter the human host and then travel via the bloodstream to the liver, where they enter liver cells and mature into schizonts after a period of 8-14 days. Sporozoites are covered with a 45-kDa protein called circumsporozoite which mediates adhesion to hepatocytes (Kuby, p439). Schizonts are released into the bloodstream as merozoites after a week, and are capable of entering and lysing erythrocytes and thus causing disease.

Nora’s Smart Choice in Ibsens A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

Nora’s Smart Choice in A Doll's House So many women have suffered as the result of discriminatory duties. In the play "A Doll's House" written by Henrik Ibsen, the playwright reflects upon the subject of the 'social lie and duty'. By having Nora, the flawed heroine, slam the door shut just as her husband is hit by a ray of hope, Ibsen started much controversy between reviewers, columnists and the general audience. Through evidence offered by the play, Nora is right to leave her husband.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When humans are introduced to the world, many sacred duties are bestowed upon them. The primary one of which is the duty towards oneself; One is "first and foremost a human being". Before this incident, although Nora, when she was revealing her secret to Christine, evidently showed character and personality slumbering deep down in her consciousness, she was merely a doll, a plaything "passed from papa's hands onto [Torvald's]". It is only through this miracle (not the kind Nora hoped for, but a miracle just the same) could her sense of being come into full bloom. Unless she leaves her dollhouse to establish herself as an entity, the miracle would have been wasted. Furthermore, she must shed her doll's dresses and educate herself before she could carry out any duties towards her precious children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A mother's presence and love is so priceless and unique in that not only does it provide us comfort, but it also guides us along the rough road of life. Because Nora's father and her husband had wronged her so greatly, she is completely secluded from the society and thus possesses no experiences at all. This is well exposed by Christine's remark of "...since [Nora knows] so little about the worries and hardships of life] and Nora's own incomprehensibility of her crime. "I'm not fitted to educate the children" is what Nora perceives her current state to be and it is the truth. She does not have any valuable experience to pass onto her children. Should she stay in her dollhouse, she will never be able to "stand on [her] own feet [nor] learn the truth about herself and about life". She will continue to treat her children as dolls for she does not know otherwise. Given all this, it is best for the children if Nora leaves now and tries to fulfi ll her duties as a mother later.

Paraphrased Article Essay

â€Å"The Internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow. † Bill Gates, Founder of the giant Microsoft Corporations Ltd. Internet has arguably become one of the most indispensible parts of the lives of millions of people around the globe. There are not many laws which regulate the usage of internet for collecting information about the political processes, persona or policies. A common man can readily get involved in the political process by accessing the internet, reading various articles or news on National Politics and give his/her view on the same. The low cost model of the internet is an effective tool to involve millions of global citizens and make them active members in the political systems. The article ‘The Citizen Participation Gap: Can the Internet Help? ’ points out that the Internet is a medium which cuts across barriers and various sections of the society. It leverages from the varied social, political, and educational backgrounds of the users and thus adds multiple dimensions to the process of political participation. It is important to note that the usage of internet and age of the user are inversely proportional. As people grow old their internet usage goes down. For example,, most of the Internet users fall in the age group of 18-29 years. These users are active members of various social networking sites and many of them are online to investigate their political participation opportunities. Thus theoretically it could be claimed that it is the widespread reach and use of the Internet which has made it possible for young people ,to become the largest captive audiences to be involved in the process of political participation. One of the recent examples of this could be seen in the Indian politics wherein the ex foreign minister Mr. Shashi Tharoor garnered massive support from his followers on the social networking site twitter while he was forced to resign after being caught in a controversy with the Indian Premier League. Various online campaigns supporting Shashi Tharoor came up and people expressed their views in the entire process. â€Å"We are here to say, we support you Shashi Tharoor. Don’t let them pull you down for you will take our hopes and dreams for a better and brighter India with you. You bring to India everything we had ever hoped would change, and we stand by you,† said a viewer on the Support Shashi Tharoor website. In the past decade the internet usage among people has gone up. More and more people use the Internet,, and it is being regarded as one of the most powerful mediums giving direct access to a citizen in the political process. Muir believes that the Internet participation of people is the cause of powerful influence. People comment on national or international news, spread their views and comments in the form of blogs and to some extent are instrumental in deciding the course of political development of a news. Social networking sites like twitter helps people to be directly in touch with their favorite political leaders and give them their views and opinions. This proposal not only increased the participation of citizens but also improved the quality of the projects. Exploring the past and present trends in the use of internet, Coglianese concludes that the Internet will remain a powerful source of information and participation in the future. In conclusion it could be said that in spite of many view points against the use of the internet, the positive influence of Internet on the participation of citizens cannot be denied. The internet provides a common man a platform and gives them a chance to express their opinion and viewpoints, create their profiles, have a group of online supporters and influence changes in the political scenario. The amount of opportunities that the internet provides and individual to make friends and increase their social networks is massive. No doubt, there are a number of impediments to the efficient application of an Internet based government; nevertheless, these obstructions can be dealt with in the years to come.. By Uma Subramanian

Raisin in the Sun Play Response Essay

I thought the play â€Å"A Raisin in The Sun† was very good because it accurately displayed so many aspects of what life would be like in the 1950’s for African Americans. Full of conflict and racial tension, Hansberry creates a strong distinction between her different and unique characters. The main theme of dreams creates conflicts that are evident in the play because the family is aiming for an individual dream that seems to never happen; however, in the end, they get away form the individual dream and finally reach a common ground. Almost every character in Raisin in the Sun had a dream or goal, and it seemed like their dreams dictated their happiness or value in life. Walter is obsessed with becoming successful and rich in order to afford things for his family, why his sister Beneatha’s original dream to become a doctor ends up directing the choices she will make when she realizes that Walter has wasted the money to be put aside for her. Throughout everyone’s dreams and aspirations, it seems to me that Mama’s dream is probably the most important. For Mama, all she desires is to keep the family together. She realizes the importance of a strong and close family, and struggles to keep them together despite all of the failings and mishaps that the characters experience. To Mama, a strong and close family is the most important aspect of her life, and something she will constantly struggle to protect. I also found it very uplifting when the family is able to overcome all of the struggles and adversity, and still manage to reject Mr. Lindner’s offers to move out of the all-white neighborhood. In my opinion, this is the perfect conclusion to the play, as I believe it shows that Mama’s dream of having a strong and cohesive family is directly connected to the rest of the family’s goals as well. Despite the offers by Mr.  Lindner to help the individuals of the family in exchange for leaving the neighborhood, the family is able to put Mama’s dream in front of their own, which enabled the family to become a closer, happier family in the end, despite their individual struggles. While it seemed like the Youngers’ dreams were going to fester up and die, they were able to understand the importance of family that helped them to keep their dreams alive and achievable.

Two Poems of Emily Dickinson and Mary Oliver

Comparison and Contrast Essay between two Poems of Emily Dickinson and Mary Oliver Emily Elizabeth Dickinson, or called Emily Dickinson for short (1830 – 1886) and Mary Oliver (1935), are the two poets who contributed great works of art to American society during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In spite of several characteristics that can be found in both Emily Dickinson and Mary Oliver poems, there are undeniably things that distinguish them from one another, although outside both are very famous poets of the poems that they wrote at that time, but actually inside, every poem that they bring the reader has a different meaning and quite deep in reader hearts. For example, as we read the poem â€Å"Alligator Poem† by Mary Oliver poem and the poem â€Å"A Bird Came down the Walk† by Emily Dickinson, we can clearly see that both poets have borrowed the images of the bird to express the deeply of each verse, and to add lively for their poem. This method is called personification, is one of the main methods by which the poet used to write a poem vividly. Although both poets use personification methods in both poems, such as borrowing the images of the bird to write a poem as an example, but actually the use of such methods have different deeply meaning in the two poems. And that is the topic I write this essay, what are the similarities and differences between how they use images of birds to express their verses? How they have been very successful in using the personification methods to write a poem completely and deeply. First of all, about two poets, they are very famous poet and professional in the field of modern poems in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, both began writing poetry when they were very young. (Write something about Emily Dickinson Early Life and Career). Mary Oliver, since she started writing about modern poetry, she had a lot of work that very successful and famous all over the world such as House of Light, Winter Hours: Prose, Prose Poems, and Poems, Why I Wake Early,†¦ and and many other works. One of the most famous works is New and Selected Poems – Volumne One, this work brought to her a great success on the modern way of writing poems, it was also the cause of the birth New and Selected Poems – Volume Two. (Write something about Famous Works of Emily Dickinson). In the poem â€Å"Aligator Poem† in â€Å"New and Selected Poems – Volumne One† of Mary Oliver, personification method is a main method that she used the most to write this poem. As you read the whole poem, you can clearly see the bird that she wants to talk about is tanding in the tops of the trees, whistling any warning, crashing toward to her, its tail failing, slashing the grass, its cradle – shaped mouth gaping, then rimming with teeth,†¦ these actions are not the actions of a bird, these are human actions, she used personification to pretend the bird is a person, or a friend, she pretended that she was walking on the street and saw the bird, but she thought that bird is not a normal bird because she could see its eye was trying to tell her something. And of course she couldn't understand bird language, or the bird couldn't tell her what is going on with her in human language. So the only way that the bird could do is action, I do agree that human cannot understand the birds language, but I do surely agree that human can understand the bird action. Then finally she did understand what the bird was trying to tell her, she understood that something is really bad will happen to her in the future. And yes, she fell, but thanks to the bird's warning, she leaped aside and fell, that is why she did not die. Then in the end, she said that this is not a poem about foolishness, but about how she rose from the ground and saw the world as if for the second time which means she is not a person accepts to failure, she will face it and will continue to stand up every time she falls. In other words, all those things above, including her imagination of a bird is a human, are a method to help she continue to stand up each failure, and see the world again. On the other hand, in the poem â€Å"A Bird Came down the Walk† of Emily Dickinson, personification method is also one of the methods that Emily Dickinson used the most to write this poem like I said above in the instruction and in the poem â€Å"Aligator Poem†, this is also the similarity of the two poems, borrowing the images of bird to express their poems. She describes the simple experience of watching a bird came down the walk, but particularly is the bird didn't aware that it was being watched by the poet. The poet depicts the bird and its actions throughout the whole poem such as hopped sidewise to the wall to let a beetle pass, glanced with rapid eyes, stirred his velvet head, unrolled his feathers, rowed him softer home,†¦ these actions provides the readers with vivid imagery when they read the poetry because Emily Dickinson was very meticulous to describe the bird's actions as the actions of human. The poem makes the reader feel and experience very slowly the simple aspects of nature but very beautiful. She creates the mood of the poem in the sequence of very simple activities of he bird but bring more excitement to the reader. The first three stanzas describe very reasonable to replace the sequence of operations of a bird that could occur in the order when watching many kinds of bird. The last two stanzas describe a very natural act of a bird when she provided a crumb. The poem is divided into two parts, the first three stanzas are the first part to describe the mood and tone of the poem by listing the activities of the bird and the rest of the poetry is the second part describes the effect of human interaction on the bird. In the final stanza, a method that Emily Dickinson was used to write this poem is metaphor method; this is a difference between the two poems of Emily Dickinson and Mary Oliver, comparing the bird’s smoothness in flight to oars splitting the ocean and butterflies leaping from banks. She used metaphor method to compare the bird’s smoothness in flight to oars splitting the ocean and butterflies leaping from banks. After all, the main goal of this poem is to show the simplistic beauty of nature through words, but this scene will be lost forever if people continue to destroy the nature such as the effect of human interaction on the bird as an example in this poem. To sum of, the big difference between the two poems is the meaning of borrowing the images of birds to tell the unbeaten in the poem â€Å"Poem Aligator† and to describe the beauty of nature in the poem â€Å"A Bird Came down the Walk†. In conclusion, reading the poems of the two great poets Emily Dickinson and Mary Oliver is one of the best ways to learn and study knowledge although both poets have similar ideas and different ways to bring knowledge to the reader through words, as long as a person or a student willing to work hard and improve, he/she will be able to analyze things in life, to know how to overcome their own difficulties.

Management 2 (protective security) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management 2 (protective security) - Essay Example Efficiency has been defined as measure of productivity or operational excellence concerned with operational margins improvement and cost minimization. Effectiveness on the other hand is associated with the business’s ability to identify and embrace opportunities of business via exchange relationships. As a result effectiveness is concerned with a company’s plan to develop a growth that is sustainable within its market (Stefanos, 2007). My organization has invested heavily and made tremendous efforts in balancing these two critical aspects of operations management all in an effort to increase the market share and maintain competitive advantage. The objectives of my organization are essentially to increase the market share and decrease the overall costs of running the organization. The target is to increase our market share from the current 15% to 20% within a period of two years. Another target is to introduce certain changes within the organization such that the overall costs would reduce by 5% within a period of one year. These changes include reducing field managers by 50% and employ more Close protection officers with advanced qualification. The organization had an objective of increasing its market share. The company embarked on a market wide research effort to identify client needs that were not being met. The organization realized that many business entities with huge capital bases required specialized protection service from the protective security firms. This service required CPO’s with a special kind of skill set which many security companies lacked. This created a need for the company to hire more CPO’s with the necessary skill set resulting in increased operational cost. After a thorough cost and benefits analysis, the company decided it would be more profitable to hire five specialized CPO’s to meet this need while at

Transformational Leadership style Research Paper

Transformational Leadership style - Research Paper Example People love working for businesses where they feel motivated and greatly inspired. A transformational leader is always inspiring, energetic, enthusiastic and passionate person who can influence the followers to change their perceptions, expectations and ultimately motivate them to work towards a common goal. This article analyses some of the transformational leadership styles evident in Starbucks’ CEO Howard Schultz. Schultz has learnt the art of transformational leadership which has really steered his business to a higher level in the recent past. According to Schultz, leadership is more than just winning or becoming triumphant but it is a continuation process which involves a number of people working towards achieving a common goal. He thinks that celebrating everyone in a company is a vital thing regardless of the position held in the business. Schultz further things that shared success is very important and that businesses requires team spirit that is highly inspired. Schu ltz believes that business itself is a team that requires highly motivated team spirit to catapult it to success. Inspiring employees is one thing that Howard believes in as it motivates them to share the company’s common goal (Bussing-Burks 76-83). ... The company gives modest paychecks, healthcare packages and stock options to her employees as a way of motivating them. He feels that by offering such kind of benefits that also involve career counseling ties the employees into the business and further creates the sense of belonging. Schultz believes that people are motivated to work even harder because they are part of the results of the company (Burke, Graeme and Cooper 183-185). Additionally, the Starbuck CEO treats his employees as one family thus prompting them to give their all to the company. Treating workforce like a family is a tool of maintaining loyalty amongst employees thus reducing even turnover rate. The warm and family treatment initiated by Schultz is one of the reasons most customers also remain loyal to the retail company due to hospitable treatment by employees. The culture is so much engrained in the company that the company does not call their workforce employees but as partners. He further provides training, le arning and some acknowledgment packages such as coffee education and learning to lead as a way of building confidence amongst the partners and boosting degree of attachment (Strauss 162-163). Schultz also gives hear to his partners’ needs and continuously consulting them and carefully receiving feedback relating to the company’s vision. He takes his time to communicate with employees via phone calls or sending emails enquiring about feedbacks of what the organization offers as well as seeking advice. What Starbuck CEO has successfully done is to communicate his vision so well that it sticks in the mind of all the partners as well as asking for their feedbacks and understanding of the vision (Cassidy & Kreitner 30-31). He further passionately

History of the Middle East, 6001453 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of the Middle East, 6001453 - Essay Example When the aforementioned is compounded with the fact that neither really knew the other and that, ultimately, the Christian Crusaders were entering into a territory alien to them and which, historically speaking, they had no territorial claim over, prejudices only deepen. These prejudices color historical accounts, as is amply evidenced in the contrasts which exist between the European and the Muslim accounts of the First Crusade. While there is consensus over historical events, these accounts are markedly different in terms of portrayals/depictions of the other. Consensus prevails with regard to the history of the first crusades. As Gibb (1950) explains in his article, "The Arabic Sources for the Life of Saladdin," the two most prominent of the recorded eye-witness accounts, those by William of Tyre and Ibn Al Athir, similarly report Christian military victory over the Muslims. Indeed, Ibn Al Athir, as does William of Tyre, writes that when the Crusaders first came to the Arab lands in 1095-1096, they achieved tremendous victories over the Muslims. The Europeans, according to both, overtook several Muslim provinces, such as Toledo, Andalusia and Sicily, extending their armies to invade Antioch and most importantly, Jerusalem (cited in Gibb, 1950). The implication here is that there is agreement over the basic historical facts. Consensus also prevails over the reasons for the Muslim defeat and European victory. As is evident from Amin Maalouf's (2001) account of the Crusades as recorded and reported by Muslim historians, Arab defeat was an outcome, not just of petty rivalry among various Arab leaders and factions, but of the Crusaders' utter and unshakable conviction that they were doing the work of God. This belief propelled the Crusaders towards victory, while lack of cohesion among the Muslims quite effectively determined their defeat (Maalouf, 2001). The Arab and European accounts of the Fall of Jerusalem do not differ much in this respect. The above identified similarities should not obscure the fact that there are marked differences between the two accounts, especially with regard to depictions of the other. A reading of Ibn Al Athir's account of the encounter evidences the extent to which the other' was perceived of in terms of prejudiced stereotypes (cited in Gabrielli, 1984). For example, Usama's account of "Frankish Medicine," expresses the idea that, irrespective of Christian victories, the Crusaders had neither civilization nor knowledge. Indeed, Usama claims that European doctors killed, rather than cured, their patients practicing a form of medicine that had little to do with scientific knowledge (cited in Gabrielli, 1984). Other eyewitness accounts advance Usama's perceptions of the Crusaders as an ignorant and uncivilized people through unflattering descriptions of their lifestyles, style of eating and personal hygiene (Gabrielli, 1984). Indeed, it would hardly be an exaggeration were one to assert that Musl im eyewitness accounts of the encounter tend towards the portrayal of others as uncivilized savages. Interestingly, Christian accounts of the encounter tend towards a similarly unflattering description. This is amply evidenced in Mansses II's congratulatory letter to the Crusaders. Within the context of this letter, the victory is applauded in terms that speak of religious conflict and an

Corporate Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate Law - Coursework Example However, by virtue of a floating charge, the charge is for the most part treated as unsecured allowing the company to deal with the asset or assets to which the charge is attached as if it was not subject to a loan.9...... Should DART fail to satisfy the terms of the loan agreement, the lender will have the right to take possession of the asset subject to the fixed charge. This limits the extent to which the company may deal with the asset subject to a fixed charge until such time as the loan is discharged. However, by virtue of a floating charge, the charge is for the most part treated as unsecured allowing the company to deal with the asset or assets to which the charge is attached as if it was not subject to a loan.9 In addition or as an alternative, lenders may insist on including a clause in the loan agreement allowing them to have a measure of control over the business transactions of the company. This kind of an arrangement involves an obligation on the part of corporate management to obtain the lender’s consent prior to conducting specific business transactions.10 There are other mechanisms that lenders may use that go beyond that which is typically characteristic of a simple loan agreem ent. One of these mechanisms is the attachment of larger than usual interest payments or the retention of title to an asset purchased by virtue of a loan until such time as the loan is discharged.11 Essentially, the various mechanisms of going beyond the simple loan agreement for additional lender protection are known as â€Å"creditor self-help†.12 C. If new ordinary shares were to be issued, to raise additional capital, the entitlement of each of the existing shareholders to these shares Ordinary shares confer upon the owner the right to dividends as well as voting entitlements.13 When a company contemplates issuing new ordinary shares it must first offer those shares to existing shareholders under the right of pre-emption.14 However, since the statutory provision prescribing pre-emptive

Examine the distinguishing features of HRM In A Developing country( Assignment - 1

Examine the distinguishing features of HRM In A Developing country( Australia) - Assignment Example According to (Technology Evaluation,2011)â€Å"The knowledge base on human resources management systems affords clients the opportunity to rapidly determine their criteria for management and employee personnel tasks. Its extensive criteria include benefits and payroll management, employee self service, data warehousing, and health and safety requirements†. Human resource management has various features and functions, which helps it to achieve its specific strategies and goals. Today the business world has vast numbers of large and International business organizations where human resource plays a vital role in its daily operation and systematic running. As per, Armstron(2002,pg.15) â€Å"Human resource strategy has two key elements: there must be strategic objective and there must be a plan of action which is to be met as a goal of the organization. The features and function of Human resource management is wide and varied, as it handles the whole issue related to In many developing countries the Human resource management is fully or partially established to aid the smooth functioning of big and international organizations .With the increasing influence of globalization, the demands of human resource management is heightening at great level , also is the need for improving the effectiveness of its staff. Tessema(2006.pg86-105)states that ,â€Å"As performance is a multi-faceted and complicated concept, HRM outcomes were used as mediating factors between HR practices and employee performance†. Human resource mainly deals with the functions of the employees in an organization and without this department the activities of a business fail. Human resource strategies are heart and soul to a developing nation as it helps in the upgrading of the economical status of the country. The human resources management department is the division which handles all the core activities related to the employees and their welfare. In the past decades , the globalization have

The Mesopotamian Dbq (Outline) Essay Example for Free

The Mesopotamian Dbq (Outline) Essay Group 1:Mesopotamia * Document 1: This document describes the story of an innocent god that shared water with animals at a watering hole. The document describes the importance of water by referencing to the herds of wild game and Enkidu. The people that have created this document have put much emphasis on water systems. * Document 2: This document covers the spectrum of the river systems and agricultural growth in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus regions using a map. * Document 3: In this document, a picture depicts reed huts in the marshes of Southern Iraq. It appears that in this area, a large, agricultural-based city does not thrive here. This document stresses that a successful river system is the base of cities. * Document 5: This document describes Marduk’s journey and his conversation that he held with the gods. Overall it is about the creation of Babylon. In the first paragraph, it mentions the location of where Babylon would be locates (near the Tigris and the Euphrates river). This displays the importance that the Babylonians placed on river systems. A: Marduk thought of the Earth as a mirror image of heaven, because he strengthened and prepared the grounds to create holy precinct that would be the home of the gods. Group 2: Egypt * Document 2: This document covers the spectrum of the river systems and agricultural growth in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus regions using a map. * Document 6: This document shows the Pyramids of Giza located nearby the Nile. The mud blocks used to create the Pyramids must have been created from a nearby river system. Group 3: Indus River Valley * Document 2: This document covers the spectrum of the river systems and agricultural growth in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus regions using a map. * Document 4: In this document the formation of mud brick fortification suggests that the Indus river valley Harappa, India indicate that they had an accessible river system nearby. * Document 7: In this document, the walls appear to be made from mud brick, which is a sign that they had utilized a nearby water system. Although the document above delivers evidence of the effect of rivers in these regions, it would be beneficial to have additional documents. A chart of population growth over time of all three regions would suffice. It would be able to display the comparisons and differences in the growth of population within each region. A excerpt of an Egyptian or Harappan script that described the role that their river systems played in their society.

Quality Performance of Streaming Video(s) over Networks

Quality Performance of Streaming Video(s) over Networks   ABSTRACT Video-based sharing services have gained a rapid fluctuation in users over recent years with the help of the ever-growing internet availability, reaching even the most rural of areas, gaining an increasing share in the multimedia market. Online streaming videos should fulfil strict quality of service constraints. Internet streaming relies upon packet transmission; there are varying influences such as delays, packet loss, transmission errors, data loss and bandwidth restrictions that all influence the quality and playability of a video. This causes serious problems for the end user as the producers of videos rely on the end-users. Therefore, the results of this paper can help users determine whether they can view videos in a high quality whilst preserving smooth video transmission. With the use of detailed diagrams, we can see how the network reacts to buffering, low network speeds and congestion in-order to keep sending video data. Keywords: YouTube, streaming, video, video streaming, network measurement, QoS, TCP, RTSP INTRODUCTION During the last 10 years theres been a significate growth of the internet video streaming websites such as YouTube (USA), Vimeo (USA), Twitch (USA), Daily Motion (France), Vevo (USA) have grown exponentially in popularity and by viewing the growth of the internet and more and more gadgets connecting to the internet [6], they will keep growing. YouTube alone have over one billion users [4], which in return equates to billions of video requests every day. Global Consumer Internet Video for 2016 is 29,046PB (petabyte), the year 2017 is estimated at 38,297 with a steady yearly increase of 14,000PB[7]. This therefore causes a strain on the internet service providers (ISPs) to increase bandwidth in order to provide stronger/wider and faster broadband connectivity to accommodate such growth. This in comparison to File sharing such as peer-to-peer which includes the likes of BitTorrent which in 2016 was calculated at 5,938PB and has declined to 5,858PB in 2017 with a slight variance there-on -after. In North America alone, YouTube accounts of 17.9% of bandwidth whereas the likes of BitTorrent only account for 2.7% [8]. The most important part of accumulating a vast growth of users and popularity is the fact that YouTube is free, from viewing videos, upload your own videos, streaming live or following your favourite channels. It can all be done by signing up to a free account, this ensures that the website can be viewed by a wider audience rather than those of that can legally pay and older, there is a small compromise to pay in the form of adverts randomly placed in-between or at the beginning of videos. Coupled with the fact that YouTube has now offered to pay YouTubers real currency for the popularity of their own videos ensures an even higher number of users.   They have recently launched a premium service called YouTube Red, which is their premium service to those willing to pay $10 a month; the benefits include Google Play Music subscription, ad-free videos and premium content not available to free users [9]. YouTube does not have many competitors that can match its popularity but there are some in the likes of Vimeo who have over 100 million visitors per month [10] and a more artistic community where promotional and corporate videos are prohibited, they have four tiers of accounts; Free, Plus, PRO or business each varying is ways from their counterparts. However, a very important difference between the two in the way videos are played. Vimeo uses a constant rate factor (CRF) of 20 whereas YouTube incorporates variable bitrate mode, which allows for lower overall bitrates while maintaining quality. YouTube allows 60fps, 4K 3D, Vimeo does not, and this is a reason why Vimeo is not as large as YouTube. YouTube has a leading edge compared to others in the respect that where others have strictly controlled content, normally professionally produced, YouTube does not; videos can be uploaded by anyone whom has access to the internet. Interne t Connection has high unpredictability rates in the regards of latency and speed reliability, which all depends on location and ISPs with traffic times, network infrastructure and work load. Videos viewed via the internet is more problematic compared to say, television, thus, YouTube infrastructure manages playback using various methods. BODY Transmission from client to server YouTube uses Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) is an application-level protocol, which controls delivery of data with real-time properties; it enables controlled, on-demand delivery of real-time data, such as audio and video [11]. The server starts by sending small RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol) packets, the data in a bitrate chosen, is sent to the client where their buffer is loaded only slightly before playback occurs. This ensures that not too much bandwidth is used in case the user decides not to continue playing the video, as users dont have a static internet connection, if the user or YouTubes servers recognise inconsistencies in the connection e.g. packet loss, an altered bitrate can be used instead e.g. the server sends the video but in a reduced encoding rate. When it comes to video playback, smooth transmission is key, without it users grow tired of continual pausing, dropped frames etc. and leave, this cannot do. Therefore, the use of TCP ensures pre-fetching and buf fering to ensure smooth playback. As bandwidth is something of an issue when loading videos constantly whilst ensuring smooth continuous playback, TCP guarantees reliable transmission for a no-loss of frames. It also has probing bandwidth and congestion control which will attempt to use all available bandwidth for fetching content as soon as possible. However as YouTube has introduced live streaming in 2015 which opts for UDP (User Datagram Protocol), an application layer protocol, UDP is used because minimum pre-fetching can be done where buffering and pausing is somewhat of a nuisance and should be reduced at all cost as everything is live. It is conjoined with RTSP, another application layer protocol which helps with video streaming. A major drawback of using UDP is that firewalls from ISP or companies are not in favour of allowing the protocol, which cause video traffic and throttling problems. However, with the advantage of lower overhead, the compensation of a few dropped pack et will suffice. In order to deliver videos the use of Content Delivery Networks (CDN), it works by using a globally distributed network of proxy servers, whose job it is to serve content to end-users (the users who are watching the videos) at high performance, where, when a user clicks on a video it is served from the nearest Data Centre from their geolocation. YouTube, before the buyout from Google used LimeLight Networks (LLNW), afterwards Google built their own CDN. Most CDN servers are configured to support web services, therefore streaming over HTTP goes hand in hand, and most firewalls are configured to allow HTTP traffic. The usage of DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming) over HTTP is common practice where the video is split into chunks of various resolutions thus, the player can easily switch into another resolution when the internet bandwidth changes which equates to smooth playback. Video Playback Quality As of January 2015, YouTube migrated to HTML5 for its default web player. YouTube first checks to see if the clients browser supports both, HTML5, H.264 codec or WebM VP8. Many browsers support an in-built flash player, which removes the need for installation of Adobe Flash Player, which has seen a decline in usage, with the amount of resources it requires and security flaws [14]. In addition, as devices such as Apple do not have support for flash there is a large market excluded. The use of HTML5s Adaptive Bitrate (ABR) is key [Figure 1]; it allows the player to switch resolutions based on users network quality. This has reduced buffering by more than 50% globally and as much as 80% on heavily congested networks [15]. YouTube switched from progressive downloads to adaptive bitrate streaming to allow for switching of quality without the need to re-buffer and start from the beginning. YouTube is constantly analysing connection speeds between the client and server, when it detects the bandwidth is deteriorating, a lower bitrate video stream is selected, in order to create a seamless playback experience for the end-user the buffer stream is loaded a few seconds ahead of your current position. From the users perspective, the key trait of a network is Quality of Service (QoS) of the content they are streaming. Whilst using HTTP, video transmission is reliable, HTTP reassures the user that there is no packet loss or video disturbance. Experiments Buffering over various internet speeds With the use of Wireshark, various experiments were done to see how packets are send from YouTube to client whilst watching a video under different network conditions and playback quality. To extract only YouTube video packet data, the filter tcp.port eq 443 was used, all graphs were set to a tick interval of 1 second with a pixel per tick of 10 and the units used in the graph are packets/Tick with a scale of 10000, all data is coming from Wi-Fi only. Buffering Time over Wi-Fi connectivity (No Throttling) using a forced 720p video Figure 2, displayed above shows a YouTube clip, which spans a total of 8:36 minutes. The graph depicts a burst of data thats sent initially on load. After the few second burst, the data rate reduces considerably. YouTube server initially sends the video as soon as possible for the initial buffering before significantly reducing the sending rate. Once the video has buffered fully, the rate of packet sending drops to near zero. Buffering Time over 3G connectivity (1.5mb/s, 750kb/s) using a forced 720p video Figure 3 depicts how a YouTube video is loaded whilst on a 3G connection; the clip used is the same as Figure 2, for comparative reasons. The burst seen in the graph spans for a greater period than on a faster connection. The video instantly plays but YouTubes server loads data for longer before finally reducing the frequency of data being sent. The player buffers for a quarter length from the current position of the playing position before finally stopping for a brief moment to allow catch-up, which can be depicted on the graph where the throttle rate drops to This is mainly due to QoE, which is based on human perception, where the user doesnt care for statistics such as packet loss etc. but rather in the quality of their video, they want to be able to view the video as soon as possible and at the best quality that is available. Buffering Time over GPRS connectivity (50kb/s, 20kb/s) and the effects of having a reduced bandwidth Figure 4 depicts the packets that are received whilst on a GPRS connection, reduction in the transmission rate in-turn has resulted in bandwidth significantly reduced, the impact almost certainly forces re-buffering to occur, which reduces the QoE for the user. This results in a longer queuing delay at network nodes and increases server-to-user delays, as the graph shows, the amount of data stored by the inbuilt players buffer is diminutive, as the initial burst did not store enough on load, the video is constantly buffering and playing leading to an endless need to re-buffer to continue. This can be seen at seconds; 120, 145 165, with seconds; 135, 150, 160 being the periods in which data is being transmitted, which consequently dont last long as periods of re-buffering flow directly afterwards. Video delivery over various video quality Figure 5 shows how a single video is re-loaded and buffered from the users current position. Each time a quality change is introduced, the video stops for a brief moment and the buffer pool is restocked with the new video quality data. The higher the quality of video, the more data is introduced initially to ensure that the video starts immediately, as the graph depicts, the lower the quality, the less of an initial burst is needed, as the size of the video is equitably reduced too, YouTube therefore can send all the data for the video quickly. As the video quality is higher, the size of the video being transmitted will also be higher. Network Speed Download Upload Regular 3G 750 kb/s 250kb/s Good 3G 1.5 Mb/s 750 Kb/s Regular 4G 4 Mb/s 3.0 Mb/s Compare this to a mobile phone when outside using data connection for example, 3G 4G connection, as there are many more collisions and obstructions whilst outside compared to a consistent Wi-Fi signal, the results are very different. With the location of the user a key aspect of reliable data transmission and how close the user is to the radio tower. Quality Duration 1080p 0 100s 720p 101s 200s 480p 210s 300s 360p 301s 400s 240p 401s 500s 144p 501s 600s By using network-measuring tools, figure 6 depicts the measurements taken for a single video to load over various qualities via regular 3G, good 3G and regular 4G connection. The results vary compared to Wi-Fi where the transmission is reliable, there are fluctuations in the transmission and the amount of data being sent, whereas Wi-Fi could send a considerable amount in the initial burst of the loading, 3G and 4G do not. Starting with regular 3g, 1080p, 720 and 480p quality videos spend a considerable amount buffering. There was not an initial burst of data that YouTubes servers transmitted, as network speeds were low, the first few seconds where spent buffering and then the video played, the video soon after paused, as buffering had to recommence to gather more data. The results show that in the initial stages of buffering with 4G connection, the amount of packets being sent are high, this is to ensure the user is able to view the video as soon as possible without interference, as the bandwidth is high, a large amount of packets can be sent, this ensures no pausing. YouTube servers application layer is not greedy where it feeds the TCP stack at a rate given by the private throttling algorithm. The TCP layer manages the buffering, when the transmission rate at TCP layer is reduced, the data that cannot be transmitted begins to be stored in the buffer, which can be seen in the 144p portion from 510 seconds onwards. However, when the buffer is occupied, the TCP layer is blocked from sending more data. This can also be shown via YouTubes stats for nerds feature [Figure 7], where when the video is done buffering to the max size of the video file, the network activity drops to a dead 0. With the more limited bandwidth of 3G connectivity, the video has to buffer for longer as with the capped transmission rate, not as much video data can be sent with more frequent throttling. Conclusion Overall, it is clear that the higher the quality, the more bandwidth is needed in-order to view the content with no interference. Limiting bandwidth had effects on the overall quality where YouTube would automatically decrease or increase the quality accordingly. Looking at the graphs produced, choosing to view content at a high quality on speeds of, for example, 3G will result in a in-viewable experience where the end-user will have to wait considerable amounts of time to even view small portions of content. The results of viewing video show that YouTubes progressive download algorithm starts by transferring an initial burst of data at the end users maximum available bandwidth and then uses a sophisticated throttling algorithm to implement a data rate that is more suited. This is key in making sure the user gets to view the video as soon as possible without tirelessly needed to pause and wait for the buffer pool to fill again. QoE is an important factor that YouTube have taken into consideration to ensure that even if the user has a limited bandwidth, by using DASH, they are always able to view the video even if it is at the lowest quality available. For smooth transmission of high quality video, bandwidth should be atleast >=3mbps. Where enjoyable watching on medium quality should start at least 1Mbps. References Yabe, M., Yokota, S. and Nakajima, T. (2006). A Quality Evaluation of High-Speed Video Streaming on Congested IP Networks. IEEEXplore, [online] p.1. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1593437/ [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. Tech-faq.com. (2017). How Television Broadcasting Works. [online] Available at: http://www.tech-faq.com/how-television-broadcasting-works.html [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. Thetoptens.com. (2017). Top 10 Best Alternatives To YouTube TheTopTens ®. [online] Available at: https://www.thetoptens.com/best-alternatives-youtube/ [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. MakeUseOf. (2017). 21 Amazingly Interesting YouTube Facts in 2016. [online] Available at: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/21-amazingly-interesting-youtube-facts-2016/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2017]. Youtube.com. (2017). Statistics YouTube. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/yt/press/en-GB/statistics.html [Accessed 19 Mar. 2017]. Provider, S. and Papers, W. (2017). The Zettabyte Era Trends and Analysis Cisco. [online] Cisco. Available at: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/vni-hyperconnectivity-wp.html [Accessed 19 Mar. 2017]. Provider, S. and Papers, W. (2017). White paper: Cisco VNI Forecast and Methodology, 2015-2020. [online] Cisco. Available at: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/collateral/service-provider/visual-networking-index-vni/complete-white-paper-c11-481360.html [Accessed 20 Mar. 2017]. Rosoff, M. (2017). Netflix and YouTube are Americas biggest bandwidth hogs. [online] Business Insider. Available at: http://uk.businessinsider.com/which-services-use-the-most-bandwidth-2015-12?r=USIR=T [Accessed 20 Mar. 2017]. Edwards, L. (2017). YouTube Red is now live: What is it and is it worth paying for? Pocket-lint. [online] Pocket-lint.com. Available at: http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/135686-youtube-red-is-now-live-what-is-it-and-is-it-worth-paying-for [Accessed 20 Mar. 2017]. DaCast. (2017). Youtube Competitors: Top 5 Alternatives for Video Hosting DaCast. [online] Available at: https://www.dacast.com/blog/youtube-competitors-top-5-alternatives-video-hosting/ [Accessed 20 Mar. 2017]. The Internet Society (1998), (1998). Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP). [online] Network Working Group, p.1. Available at: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2326.txt [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. Chotaliya, C. (2016). Which streaming protocol does Youtube use?. [online] quora. Available at: https://www.quora.com/Which-streaming-protocol-does-Youtube-use [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. Support.google.com. (2017). Recommended upload encoding settings YouTube Help. [online] Available at: https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/1722171?hl=en-GB [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. Blueberry Consultants Custom Software. (2016). Why Nobody Uses Flash Anymore. [online] Available at: https://www.bbconsult.co.uk/blog/why-nobody-uses-flash-anymore [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. The Verge. (2015). YouTube drops Flash for HTML5 video as default. [online] Available at: http://www.theverge.com/2015/1/27/7926001/youtube-drops-flash-for-html5-video-default [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. Figure 1 Video Used: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nq2Kum-eG8g Szigeti, T. and Hattingh, C. (2017). QoS Requirements of Video > Quality of Service Design Overview. [online] Ciscopress.com. Available at: http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=357102seqNum=2 [Accessed 30 Mar. 2017].